APUSH Exam 2

How did the railroad change American society?

Railroads connected regions, promoted national markets, allowed for westward expansion, and transformed the economy by facilitating the movement of goods and people.

Who were the major industrialists/robber barons and what industries were they associated with?

John D. Rockefeller - Oil (Standard Oil), Andrew Carnegie - Steel (Carnegie Steel), J.P. Morgan - Banking and finance, Cornelius Vanderbilt - Railroads.

What conflicts arose between farmers and railroads?

Farmers were upset with high railroad rates limiting their profit and the monopolistic control of railroads over pricing and service.

What is the Interstate Commerce Act?

The Interstate Commerce Act (1887) aimed to regulate the railroad industry, prevent monopolistic practices, and ensure fair rates for farmers and other customers.

What is a Trust?

A combination of companies that work together to limit competition and control an industry.

What is Horizontal Integration?

A business strategy where a company acquires its competitors to control a larger share of the market.

What is Vertical Integration?

A strategy where a company controls all stages of production, from raw materials to the final product.

What is Laissez-faire?

An economic policy of minimal government interference in business.

What is Social Darwinism?

The belief that only the fittest businesses and individuals survive in a competitive environment.

What role did Horatio Alger play in Social Darwinism?

He wrote books promoting the 'self-made man' concept, encouraging the belief that hard work and determination could lead to success.

What tactics did workers use to gain rights from big business?

Workers organized strikes, boycotted, formed labor unions, and negotiated for better wages and working conditions.

What caused the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? What was the outcome?

The strike was caused by wage cuts and poor working conditions. It spread across multiple states, leading to violence, and was ended by federal troops under President Rutherford B. Hayes.

How did business/government respond to strikes in the 1800s?

Business and government often sided with big business, using force and legal action to break strikes and suppress labor movements.

Who was Eugene V. Debs?

A labor leader and socialist who advocated for workers' rights, social reforms, and the redistribution of wealth.

What were settlement houses?

Community centers offering social services, such as education and healthcare, with Hull House in Chicago being a famous example.

Why did the middle class expand in the late 1800s?

The expansion of industry, urbanization, and new corporate structures created new jobs in administration, education, and professional services.

What is the Gospel of Wealth?

The idea promoted by Andrew Carnegie arguing that wealthy individuals should use their fortunes to benefit society, especially through philanthropy.

What led middle-class families to move to the suburbs?

The expansion of transportation allowed families to live outside urban areas while still working in the city.

What was the City Beautiful Movement?

A movement aimed at improving urban spaces through beautification, creating parks, fountains, and grand buildings.

How was education standardized in the late 1800s?

Through the introduction of public schools, mandatory attendance laws, and standardized curricula across states.

What factors led to increased development of higher education?

Industrialization, the need for skilled workers, and the establishment of land-grant colleges contributed to the expansion of higher education.

Who was Upton Sinclair?

An author who exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to the Pure Food and Drug Act.

What was the Haymarket Bombing?

A bombing during a labor rally that the media connected to anarchists, reinforcing negative stereotypes about labor movements.

What are push and pull factors?

Push factors drive people away from their homeland (e.g., poverty), while pull factors attract them to a new location (e.g., job opportunities).

How do Old Immigrants differ from New Immigrants?

Old Immigrants came primarily from Northern and Western Europe, while New Immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe.

What does the Chinese Exclusion Act suggest about 1880s America?

It reflects a racist and nativist attitude towards non-European immigrants and fears of job competition.

What groups sought restrictions on immigration?

Nativist groups and labor unions aimed to reduce job competition and maintain cultural homogeneity.

What discrimination did Asian immigrants face in California and the West?

Laws were enacted to prevent land ownership, voting rights, and naturalization for Asian immigrants, along with societal hostility.

Did the positives of machine politics outweigh the negatives?

While machine politics provided essential services to immigrants and the poor, they often involved corruption and exploitation of power.

Who was William 'Boss' Tweed?

The infamous city boss of New York's Tammany Hall, exposed by cartoons and convicted of corruption.

What were settlement houses? Give an example.

Community centers that provided social services, such as Hull House in Chicago, founded by Jane Addams.

What led to the expansion of the middle class in the late 1800s?

The growth of industry and new job opportunities in administration and professional services.

What was the role of Wright and Olmsted in architecture?

Frank Lloyd Wright and Frederick Law Olmsted were pioneers in modern architecture and landscape design, noted for their designs of urban parks.