APUSH Exam 2

Card 1:
Question: In what ways did the railroad change American society?
Answer: Railroads connected regions, promoted national markets, allowed for westward expansion, and transformed the economy by facilitating the movement of goods and people.

Card 2:
Question: Name the major industrialists/robber barons and connect them to the industry their wealth was tied to.
Answer:

• John D. Rockefeller - Oil (Standard Oil)

• Andrew Carnegie - Steel (Carnegie Steel)

• J.P. Morgan - Banking and finance

• Cornelius Vanderbilt - Railroads

Card 3:
Question: What conflicts emerged between farmers and railroads?
Answer: Farmers were upset with high railroad rates, which limited their profit, and railroad monopolies that controlled prices and service.

Card 4:
Question: Define the Interstate Commerce Act.
Answer: The Interstate Commerce Act (1887) aimed to regulate the railroad industry, prevent monopolistic practices, and ensure fair rates for farmers and other customers.

Card 5:
Question: Define the following:

• Trust: A combination of companies that work together to limit competition and control an industry.

• Horizontal integration: A business strategy where a company acquires its competitors to control a larger share of the market.

• Vertical integration: A strategy where a company controls all stages of production, from raw materials to the final product.

• Laissez-faire: An economic policy of minimal government interference in business.

• Social Darwinism: The belief that only the fittest businesses and individuals survive in a competitive environment.

Card 6:
Question: What role did Horatio Alger play in ideas like Social Darwinism?
Answer: Horatio Alger wrote books promoting the idea of the "self-made man," encouraging the belief that hard work and determination could lead to success, aligning with Social Darwinism's emphasis on individual success.

Card 7:
Question: What tactics did workers use to gain greater rights from big business?
Answer: Workers organized strikes, boycotted, formed labor unions, and negotiated for better wages and working conditions.

Card 8:
Question: What caused the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? What was the outcome? Who was the U.S. President and how did his response reflect political views?
Answer: The strike was caused by wage cuts and poor working conditions. The strike spread across multiple states, leading to violence. President Rutherford B. Hayes used federal troops to end the strike, reflecting a pro-business, anti-union stance.

Card 9:
Question: Overall, how did business/government respond to strikes during the 1800s?
Answer: Business and government often sided with big business, using force and legal action to break strikes and suppress labor movements.

Card 10:
Question: Who was Eugene V. Debs and what political views did he promote?
Answer: Eugene V. Debs was a labor leader and socialist who advocated for workers' rights, social reforms, and the redistribution of wealth.

Card 11:
Question: Create a table to compare the NLU, Knights of Labor, and AFL.

Card 12:
Question: How does the Haymarket Bombing demonstrate the willingness of the media to connect labor to anarchy?
Answer: The media quickly connected the bombing, which occurred during a labor rally, with anarchists, reinforcing the stereotype that labor movements were violent and radical.

Card 13:
Question: Define push and pull factors.
Answer:

• Push factors: Conditions that drive people to leave their homeland (e.g., poverty, persecution).

• Pull factors: Conditions that attract people to a new location (e.g., job opportunities, better living conditions).

Card 14:
Question: Contrast Old Immigrants to New Immigrants.
Answer:

• Old Immigrants: Primarily from Northern and Western Europe (e.g., Germany, Ireland).

• New Immigrants: Primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe (e.g., Italy, Poland, Russia).

Card 15:
Question: What does the Chinese Exclusion Act suggest about American society of the 1880s?
Answer: It suggests a racist and nativist attitude towards non-European immigrants, reflecting growing fears of competition for jobs and cultural differences.

Card 16:
Question: What groups wanted to restrict immigration and why?
Answer: Nativist groups and labor unions wanted to restrict immigration to reduce job competition, control the workforce, and maintain cultural homogeneity.

Card 17:
Question: In what ways did California and other Western states discriminate against Asian immigrants?
Answer: Laws were passed to prevent Asian immigrants from owning land, voting, or becoming naturalized citizens, and they faced widespread racial hostility and violence.

Card 18:
Question: Did the positives of machine politics outweigh the negatives?
Answer: Machine politics provided essential services to immigrants and the poor, but often involved corruption, bribery, and exploitation of power for personal gain.

Card 19:
Question: Who was the most infamous city boss? What happened to him?
Answer: William "Boss" Tweed was the most infamous city boss of New York's Tammany Hall. He was exposed by Thomas Nast’s cartoons and convicted of corruption.

Card 20:
Question: What were settlement houses? Give a specific example.
Answer: Settlement houses were community centers that offered social services to the poor, such as education and healthcare. Hull House in Chicago, founded by Jane Addams, is a famous example.

Card 21:
Question: Why did the middle class expand in the late 1800s? What new jobs emerged that were staffed by the middle class?
Answer: The expansion of industry, urbanization, and the rise of corporations created jobs in administration, education, and professional services, leading to an expanding middle class.

Card 22:
Question: Define the Gospel of Wealth. What industrialist most advocated the idea?
Answer: The Gospel of Wealth, promoted by Andrew Carnegie, argued that wealthy individuals should use their fortunes to benefit society, especially through philanthropy.

Card 23:
Question: What factors led to the movement of middle-class families to the suburbs?
Answer: The expansion of transportation (e.g., streetcars, trains) allowed middle-class families to live outside crowded urban areas while still working in the city.

Card 24:
Question: Define the City Beautiful Movement.
Answer: The City Beautiful Movement aimed to improve urban spaces through beautification, creating parks, fountains, and grand buildings to enhance the quality of life.

Card 25:
Question: How was education standardized during the late 1800s?
Answer: Education became more standardized with the introduction of public schools, mandatory attendance laws, and standardized curricula across states.

Card 26:
Question: What factors impacted the increased development of higher education (college)?
Answer: The rise of industrialization, the need for skilled workers, and the creation of land-grant colleges (e.g., through the Morrill Act) led to the expansion of higher education.

Card 27:
Question: The Progressives!! Complete the chart, and add as many as you can!
Answer:

• Upton Sinclair: Exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry; led to the Pure Food and Drug Act.

• Henry George: Advocated for a single land tax to address poverty and inequality.

• Edward Bellamy: Proposed a vision of a cooperative society in his book Looking Backward.

• Ida Tarbell: Investigated and exposed the monopolistic practices of Standard Oil.

• Ida Wells: Fought against lynching and advocated for civil rights for African Americans.

• Walter Rauschenbusch: A leader in the Social Gospel movement, advocating for social justice and the improvement of living conditions for the poor.

Card 28:
Question: Create a quick timeline that shows the progression of the Women’s Suffrage Movement.
Answer:

• 1848: Seneca Falls Convention

• 1869: Formation of the National Woman Suffrage Association

• 1890: Formation of the National American Woman Suffrage Association

• 1920: Passage of the 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote.

Card 29:
Question: What role did Wright and Olmsted play in the development of architecture at the turn of the century?
Answer: Frank Lloyd Wright and Frederick Law Olmsted were pioneers in developing modern architecture and landscape design, including Wright’s Prairie Style homes and Olmsted’s design of urban parks like Central Park.