APUSH Period 7 Vocab

Open Door Policy

Secretary of State John Hay's clever diplomatic agreement to preserve Chinese territorial integrity and maintain American trade access to China.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence. US gained Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. This war marks the beginning of the age of American Imperialism.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, religiously and/or economically. U.S. justifies because of actions of other imperialist nations, a need to protect markets to sell goods to, and belief in Social Darwinism and White Man's Burden.

Progressive Movement

Was a period of social activism and political reform in the US that flourished from the 1890s to the 1920s. Goals were to eliminate corruption in government, protect workers and consumers, and expand democracy.

Progressive Presidents were T. Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson. WWI ends era.

Settlement Houses

Community centers where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. At Settlement Houses, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first Settlement House was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889.

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists were trying to make the public aware of problems that needed fixing.

Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Live- problem of the poor Lincoln Steffens- Shame of the Cities- Political corruption

Ida Tarbell- History of Standard Oil- Monopolies

Upton Sinclair- The Jungle- Food cleanliness

New Immigrants

term for most post-1880 to 1920 newcomers who came to America primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe. Mostly take low paying factory jobs in the cities. Less welcomed than the old immigrant because they are less likely to be protestant, speak English, have wealth or education.

Booker T. Washington

former slave who promoted industrial education and economic opportunity but not social equality for blacks. Founded Tuskegee Institute. Atlanta Compromise speech brought him to fame.

W.E.B Du Bois

Harvard educated scholar advocated full black social and economic equality through the leadership of a talented tenth. Niagara movement called for full political & social rights. Founder of NAACP.

Meat Inspection Act/Food and Drug Act

Laws passed by T. Roosevelt to protect consumers. Meat Inspection Act regulated the meat packing industry following "The Jungle" but later Food and Drug Act regulated all food and drugs that Americans consume.

Progressive Amendments

16-19 amendments

16th Amendment

Federal income tax established (progressive= different tax rates for different incomes)

17th Amendment

Direct election of Senators

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol (1919) Later reversed by 21 amendment.

19th Amendment

Women's suffrage (1920)

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Signed into law by Woodrow Wilson, it created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. Still U.S. banking system today.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Corrected deficiencies of Sherman anti-trust act by outlawing monopolistic practices but exempted labor unions that were unintended victim of Sherman Antitrust Act.

Big Stick Policy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R symbolizing his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy. Big Stick was the Navy. Mostly used in Caribbean and Latin America.

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South and Central America by using military force.

Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)

An agreement with Japan where Japan agreed to limit immigration and Roosevelt agreed to tell the San Francisco School Board that segregation of Japanese children in school would be stopped. Allows Japan to avoid embarrassment of an exclusion act by stopping the immigration themselves.

Panama Canal

U.S. tried to negotiate with Columbia to build a canal through Central America. Columbia refused, so TR encouraged Panama to revolt and allow U.S. to build canal. Example of Big Stick diplomacy.

Dollar Diplomacy

described US Policy under William Howard Taft to further economic power through loans made to foreign countries especially Latin America.

Fourteen Points

WWI aims outlined by President Wilson which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Oppressed freedom of speech during WWI, kept citizens from speaking out negatively about the US government. Schenk v. US ruled it constitutional.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

The peace settlement imposed on Germany after WORLD WAR I. Denied most of fourteen points except for League of Nations.

League of Nations

Created following WWI. Called on each member to stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of other nations. Controversy over whether U.S. should accept Article X which called for collective security. Republicans resist and U.S. does not join.

Carrie Chapman Catt

president of the National Women's Suffrage Association. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. Moderate.

Alice Paul

Leader of the very radical National Women's Party. Protested Wilson during WWI.

1st Red Scare

Following WWI American's fear communist takeover of U.S. following Russian Revolution. 1920's becomes bad time for labor unions and immigrants. Palmer Raids rounded up suspected immigrants and deported them.

Immigration Act 1924

set the quota for the number of immigrants who could come from a certain place to 2% of the people of their nationality who lived in the US in 1890. Cut off immigration from Japan. End of open immigration policy.

Isolationism

Foreign policy of the 1920's Republican Presidents (Harding, Coolidge, Hoover) to withdraw from international politics.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

62 nations including U.S. declare that war is illegal. Pact fails when Japan invades China.

Henry Ford

He made assembly line production more efficient. He helped to make cars inexpensive so more Americans could buy them.

The Great Migration

Millions of African-Americans leave the South in search of jobs and a better life in the North.

Harlem Renaissance

Harlem became the political, intellectual, and cultural center for what was called the "new negro." The Harlem Renaissance is the name given to all of the black creativity of this time.

Scopes “Monkey Trial“

Religion vs Science. Biology teacher John Scopes in Tennessee intentionally broke the law against teaching the theory of evolution in school. Found guilty.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control.

“Lost Generation“

group of American literary notables who lived in Paris, some after military service in the First World War. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include F. Scott Fitzgerald & Earnest Hemingway. Rejected American materialism.

Great Depression

Consumer debt, stock prices spiraling up, over-production and under-consumption led to the stock market crash in 1929 and 1930's become worst economic decade in American history.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Created in 1932 by Herbert Hoover to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression but is seen as Hoover helping the rich instead of poor.

Bonus Army

Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WWI veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill but did not approve. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there. Public opinion turns against Hoover.

Bank Holiday

FDR closed all banks to stop the run on the banks. Introduced new banking reforms like the FDIC which insured money deposited in banks.

1st New Deal

Civilian Conservation Corps: Created jobs for men 18-25 on conservation projects.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration: Direct federal financial relief to cities and states.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration: Relief for farmers. Later ruled unconstitutional.

Public Works Administration- Created jobs on projects like roads, dams, and public buildings.

Tennessee Valley Authority- Federal construction of dams in rural areas.

Second New Deal

Works Progress Administration- Created public works jobs like PWA but also work for artists.

Social Security Act- Old age pensions.

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)- Guaranteed right to join a labor union.

Fair Labor Standards Act- Banned child labor, created a minimum wage, and limited workweeks to 44 hours.

Dust Bowl

This occurred because after two generations of drought and poor farming techniques these areas became unusable. The Grapes of Wrath written by Steinbeck illustrates the plight of a dust bowl family. "Okies" are farming refugees that moved west.

Indian Reorganization Act

reversed the individualistic approach and belatedly tried to restore the tribal basis of Indian life that was stripped by the Dawes Severalty Act.

Court Packing Bill

Proposal by FDR allowing the president to appoint new Supreme Court members for each one over 70 years of age. Defeated because it was not liked by Congress or Americans.

Roosevelt Recession

In 1937 economic recovery fizzled out. Opponents of FDR see it as proof that New Deal failed. WWII brings economic recovery in 1939.

Neutrality Act of 1939

(Cash & Carry Program)- allowed for arms trade with belligerent nations (Great Britain and France) on a cash-and-carry basis, thus in effect ending American neutrality. Brings U.S. out of Great Depression.

Axis Powers

Nations that fought WWII against the Allies. Germany (Hitler), Italy (Mussolini), and Japan (Hirohito).

Lead-Lease Act

program under which the United States supplied France, Great Britain, China, and later the USSR with food, oil, and materials between 1941 and 1945. In general, the aid was free, although some hardware was returned after the war.

Pearl Harbor

was a surprise military strike conducted by the Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack led to the US entry into World War II.

Bracero Program

Designed to encourage Mexican agricultural workers to come to the U.S. during WWII to fill the need for farm workers as a result of Americans going off to war.

Korematsu v. United States

U.S. Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of FDR's Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship. Court ruled in favor of the government action.

D-Day

were the landing operations planned by General Eisenhower on 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. The largest seaborne invasion in history, the operation led to the liberation of France from Nazi control, and contributed to an Allied victory in the war.

Holocaust

Genocide in which approximately six million Jews were killed by the Nazi regime and its collaborators during WWII. An additional five million non-Jewish victims of Nazi mass murders brings the total to approximately eleven million.

Yalta Conference

WWII meeting of the heads of government of the US, the UK and the Soviet Union. They agreed to only accept unconditional surrender from Germany, to divide Germany into occupation zones & Stalin is to join effort against Japan after German defeat. Agree to create international organization (United Nations) after the war. Attended by President Roosevelt.

Potsdam Conference

WWII meeting of the heads of government of the US, the UK and the Soviet Union. At Potsdam they agreed to divide German capital of Berlin hold war crime trials for Nazis & require unconditional surrender of Japan. Attended by President Truman.

Manhattan Project

The Manhattan project was a secret research and development project of the U.S to develop the atomic bomb. Its success granted the U.S the bombs that ended the war with Japan as well as ushering the country into the atomic era. Physicist Robert Oppenheimer led the project.

Hiroshima

first city in history to be targeted by a nuclear weapon when Harry Truman decided to drop an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945. Another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki a few days later. Japan surrenders ending WII.