PYSCH NOTES 4.1

What does the Drive-Reduction Theory propose about motivation?

Motivation arises from physiological needs that create an aroused state or drive, pushing an organism to reduce that need and achieve homeostasis.

What is the focus of Arousal Theory?

It posits that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, with too little leading to boredom and too much leading to stress.

What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law state about arousal and performance?

Moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance, with both very high and very low levels impairing performance.

What are the three types of motivational conflicts identified by Kurt Lewin?

Approach-approach, approach-avoidance, and avoidance-avoidance conflicts.

What is the main idea behind Self-Determination Theory (SDT)?

It focuses on intrinsic motivation and the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

What distinguishes intrinsic motivation from extrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation arises from engaging in behavior for its inherent satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation involves doing an activity for external rewards or to avoid punishment.

What characterizes Instinct Theory?

It proposes that behaviors are driven by innate biological instincts that are automatic and unlearned.

What is the definition of Sensation Seeking?

The tendency to seek out novel and intense experiences, often driven by a desire for high arousal.

What does the Facial-Feedback Hypothesis suggest about emotions?

Facial expressions influence emotional experiences; for example, smiling can induce feelings of happiness.

What is the Broaden-and-Build Theory in the context of positive emotions?

It proposes that positive emotions broaden thought-action repertoires, helping individuals cope with stress and fostering long-term psychological resilience.

What are Display Rules in emotional expression?

Cultural norms and social expectations that govern how emotions are expressed and regulated in different contexts.

How does Experience Seeking differ from Sensation Seeking?

Experience Seeking is characterized by a desire for new sensations even if they involve risk, while Sensation Seeking specifically seeks intense experiences.

What types of outcomes does an Approach-Avoidance Conflict involve?

It arises when a single choice has both positive and negative aspects.

Who developed the Self-Determination Theory?

Edward Deci and Richard Ryan.

What is the role of Extrinsic Motivation?

Engaging in an activity to earn external rewards or avoid punishment.

What are the six primary emotions identified by Paul Ekman?

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.

What does the theory of Emotion, or affect, distinguish from?

It is distinguished from reasoning or knowledge.

What is Boredom Susceptibility?

The tendency to experience dissatisfaction when not engaged in stimulating activities.

Why might a tennis player need to achieve an optimal level of arousal during a match?

To perform well, as both too high and too low arousal can impair quick reflexes and strategic thinking.