4.4 APUSH

War Hawks

A group of young Congressmen advocating for war against Britain before the War of 1812, motivated by American honor, territorial expansion, and trade protection.

John C

A prominent War Hawk from South Carolina who supported states' rights and U.S. territorial expansion, playing a key role in the War of 1812.

Hartford Convention (1814)

A meeting of New England Federalists expressing grievances about the War of 1812, which ultimately weakened the Federalist Party.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee leader who aimed to unite Native American tribes against U.S. expansion and fought alongside the British in the War of 1812.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

A conflict between U.S. forces and Tecumseh’s confederacy, resulting in a U.S. victory and increased tensions with Britain.

Barbary Pirates

North African pirates attacking U.S. and European ships, leading to two wars to protect American commerce and demonstrate naval power.

Neutrality

The U.S. foreign policy of avoiding entanglement in European wars while maintaining trade with both France and Britain.

Impressment

The British practice of forcibly recruiting sailors, including Americans, into the Royal Navy, contributing to tensions leading to the War of 1812.

Embargo Act (1807)

A law banning all American exports in response to British and French trade interference, which harmed the U.S. economy.

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

A law allowing trade with all nations except Britain and France, intended to pressure these countries regarding U.S. neutrality.

James Madison

The fourth U.S. President (1809–1817) who led the country during the War of 1812 and supported territorial expansion and neutrality.

War of 1812

A conflict between the U.S. and Britain over trade restrictions, impressment, and British support for Native American attacks, ending in a stalemate.

Battle of Lake Erie (1813)

A significant U.S. naval victory during the War of 1812 that secured control of the Great Lakes and boosted national morale.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

The final major battle of the War of 1812, where American forces defeated the British after the Treaty of Ghent was signed.

Creek Nation

A Native American tribe divided during the War of 1812, with some allying with the British and others with the U.S., leading to the Creek War.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

The treaty that ended the War of 1812, restoring pre-war relations between the U.S. and Britain without significant territorial changes.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

A treaty in which Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. in exchange for U.S. claims to Texas and the assumption of some Spanish debts.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

A foreign policy statement declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization and interference, becoming a cornerstone of U.S. policy.

Francis Scott Key

The author of "The Star-Spangled Banner," inspired by the British attack on Fort McHenry during the War of 1812.