4.4 APUSH

War Hawks: A group of young Congressmen, mostly from the South and West, who advocated for war against Britain leading up to the War of 1812. They were motivated by desires to defend American honor, expand territory, and stop British interference with U.S. trade.

John C. Calhoun: A prominent American politician and War Hawk from South Carolina. He was a strong advocate of states' rights and the expansion of U.S. territory, and he played a key role in pushing for the War of 1812.

Hartford Convention (1814): A meeting of New England Federalists held to express their grievances concerning the War of 1812 and political issues like the power of the southern states. Some at the convention even discussed secession, but the convention ultimately weakened the Federalist Party after the war ended.

Tecumseh: A Shawnee leader who sought to unite Native American tribes to resist U.S. expansion into their lands. He formed a large confederation of tribes to oppose American forces during the early 1800s and fought alongside the British in the War of 1812.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811): A conflict between U.S. forces, led by Governor William Henry Harrison, and Native American warriors associated with Tecumseh’s confederacy. The battle was a U.S. victory, and it increased tensions between the U.S. and Britain, which was believed to be supporting Native resistance.

Barbary Pirates: North African pirates who attacked U.S. and European ships in the Mediterranean Sea. The U.S. fought two wars with the Barbary states to protect American commerce and stop the payment of tribute, demonstrating the U.S.’s growing naval power.

Neutrality: The foreign policy stance the United States took in many early conflicts, particularly between France and Britain, aiming to avoid entanglement in European wars while continuing to trade with both sides.

Impressment: The British practice of forcibly recruiting sailors, including Americans, into the Royal Navy. It was a major cause of tension between the U.S. and Britain, eventually contributing to the outbreak of the War of 1812.

Embargo Act (1807): A law passed by President Thomas Jefferson that banned all American exports in response to British and French interference with U.S. trade. The embargo was deeply unpopular and damaged the American economy more than it hurt Britain or France.

Nonintercourse Act (1809): A replacement for the Embargo Act, this law allowed American trade with all nations except Britain and France. It was intended to pressure these countries to respect U.S. neutrality but had limited success.

James Madison: The fourth President of the United States (1809–1817), he led the country during the War of 1812. Madison supported expanding U.S. territory and maintaining American neutrality, but ultimately he was drawn into war with Britain.

War of 1812: A conflict between the United States and Britain, largely over issues such as trade restrictions, impressment, and British support for Native American attacks on U.S. frontier settlements. The war ended in a stalemate but solidified U.S. independence.

Battle of Lake Erie (1813): A major U.S. naval victory during the War of 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry. It secured American control of the Great Lakes and bolstered national morale.

Battle of New Orleans (1815): The final major battle of the War of 1812, where American forces, under General Andrew Jackson, defeated a large British army. The battle was fought after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed but before news of the treaty reached the U.S.

Creek Nation: A Native American tribe in the southeastern U.S. that was divided during the War of 1812. Some Creeks (known as Red Sticks) allied with the British, while others supported the U.S. Andrew Jackson led U.S. forces to victory over the Red Sticks in the Creek War (1813-1814).

Treaty of Ghent (1814): The treaty that ended the War of 1812. It largely restored relations between the U.S. and Britain to their pre-war state, with no significant territorial gains for either side. However, the treaty did mark the end of British influence over Native American resistance.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819): A treaty between the U.S. and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States. In return, the U.S. gave up claims to Texas and assumed some Spanish debts owed to American citizens.

Monroe Doctrine (1823): A U.S. foreign policy statement by President James Monroe, declaring that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to further European colonization and that any attempt by European nations to interfere would be seen as a hostile act. It became a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy in the Americas.

Francis Scott Key: The author of "The Star-Spangled Banner," which became the U.S. national anthem. He wrote the poem during the War of 1812 after witnessing the British attack on Fort McHenry in Baltimore and seeing the American flag still flying after the battle.