ch. 9-19 (use this one)

Endospores

Microbial structure used to test autoclave sterilization due to their high resistance.

Phenol Coefficient

A measure of the effectiveness of disinfectants compared to phenol.

Penicillin

The first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming.

Eukaryotic Infections

There are fewer drugs to treat these because eukaryotic cells are similar to human cells.

Staphylococcus aureus

A resident microbiota that can become an opportunistic pathogen.

Extracellular Enzymes

Enzymes that help bacteria invade deeper tissues by breaking down host structures.

Airborne Infections

Infections transmitted via droplets or aerosols in the air.

Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease over time.

Prevalence

The total number of cases of a disease at a certain time.

Typhoid Mary

A healthy human carrier of Salmonella typhi who unknowingly spread typhoid.

Axenic Environment

An environment free from all microorganisms.

Normal Microbiota Changes

Alterations in microbiota due to changes in body conditions such as pH or temperature.

Contamination vs. Infection

Contamination does not always lead to infection; pathogens need favorable conditions.

Protection of the Eyes

Eyes are protected from infection through blinking and tear fluid.

Lysozyme

An enzyme found in tear fluid that helps protect against infections.

Diapedesis

The movement of white blood cells through blood vessel walls to infected tissue.

Chemotaxis

The directed movement of immune cells toward sites of infection.

Sweat Composition

Contains salt, lysozymes, and antimicrobial peptides to defend against microbes.

Types of Antigens

Exogenous, endogenous, and autoantigens are the three types of antigens.

IgG

The most common antibody found in blood.

ELISA

A test for the presence of antigens (direct ELISA) or antibodies (indirect ELISA).

T Lymphocyte Surface Proteins

CD4 is found on helper T cells, and CD8 is found on cytotoxic T cells.

Types of Acquired Immunity

Natural active, natural passive, artificial active, and artificial passive.

Skin as a Barrier

Skin is a good barrier to infection due to its physical, dry, acidic surface with antimicrobial peptides.

Sty

An infection of the eyelid base also known as folliculitis.

Beta-lactamase Production

Some strains of Staphylococcus aureus can produce beta-lactamase.

Complications of S. pyogenes Infection

Can lead to impetigo, erysipelas, and necrotizing fasciitis.

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)

Caused by toxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

Carbuncle

A cluster of boils caused by bacterial infection.

Necrotizing Fasciitis Cause

Primarily caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

First Disease Eradicated Globally

Smallpox was the first disease eradicated worldwide.

Gas Gangrene Symptoms

Include black tissue, gas bubbles, foul smell, and rapid spread.

Rubella Birth Defects

Causes congenital rubella syndrome, leading to deafness, heart defects, and mental delays.

S. aureus vs. S. epidermidis Invasiveness

S. aureus is more invasive due to more virulence factors like enzymes and toxins.

Hypodermis Function

Anchors skin to deeper tissues.

M Protein in S. pyogenes

Helps the pathogen evade phagocytosis.