Pediatrics; Alterations in Cardiac Function

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts related to alterations in cardiac function, congenital heart defects, and relevant nursing processes.

Congenital Heart Disease

A heart defect present at birth that affects the normal flow of blood through the heart.

Cardiac Catheterization

A procedure that examines the heart by placing a catheter into an artery or vein and advancing it to the heart.

Foramen Ovale

An opening between the left atrium and the right atrium in the fetal heart that normally closes at birth.

Ductus Arteriosus

A blood vessel in the fetus that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, typically closing shortly after birth.

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

A defect between the atria that allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium.

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

An abnormal opening between the two ventricles of the heart that permits left-to-right shunting of blood.

Coarctation of the Aorta

A narrowing of the descending aorta that results in restricted blood flow from the heart.

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

A congenital heart defect characterized by four abnormalities leading to insufficiently oxygenated blood being pumped to the body.

Rheumatic Fever

A systemic inflammatory disease that can develop after a streptococcal infection, affecting the heart, joints, and other tissues.

Kawasaki Disease

A condition that involves inflammation of blood vessels and can lead to acquired heart disease in children.

Post-Cardiac Catheterization Instructions

Guidelines for care after the procedure, such as keeping the site dry and monitoring for complications.

Management of CHF

Strategies to improve heart function, reduce fluid overload, and decrease cardiac workload in congestive heart failure.

fetal exposure to ___________ in the first trimester is associated with a 50% risk for cardiac defects

rubella

the ductus arteriosus closes within __________ of birth:
a. 30-60 minutes
b. 1-2 hours
c. 10-15 hours
d. 2-3 days

c. 10-15 hours

true or false: cardiac catheterization can be used as both a diagnostic tool and surgical repair

true

what medication is important to hold for cardiac patients being prepped for a cardiac catheterization?

digoxin

what are three important pre-procedural steps for a cardiac catheterization?

1. thorough assessment to get baseline
2. hemoglobin and hematocrit levels
3. NPO status

following a cardiac catheterization, what are the positioning/mobility instructions to teach a patient?

keep extremity straight for 4-6 hours and do not elevate HOB higher than 2 pillows

why is it important to monitor I&Os and BG levels following a cardiac catheterization?
a. dye used has diuretic effect
b. patient is NPO before and during the procedure
c. anesthesia can drop BG levels
d. holding digoxin will affect urine output

a. dye has diuretic effect

what does an increased pulse pressure (above 60) indicate?

possible clot or dislodgment of patch

how do you calculate pulse pressure?

systolic - diastolic

true or false: a patient who is less than 6 months post-op cardiac catheterization going to a dental cleaning requires prophylactic antibiotics

true

an _________________ is a hole between the atria as a result of the foramen ovale failing to close; septal wall allows blood flow from the left to the right side
a. atrial septal defect
b. ventricular septal defect
c. coarctation of the aorta
d. tetralogy of fallot

a. atrial septal defect

a _____________ the most common defect that resolves by 6 months of age in which the septal wall allows blood to pass from the left to right ventricle
a. atrial septal defect
b. ventricular septal defect
c. coarctation of the aorta
d. tetralogy of fallot

b. ventricular septal defect

________________ occurs when the descending aorta narrows or constricts resulting in redirection of blood to the upper extremities, eventually leading to CHF
a. atrial septal defect
b. ventricular septal defect
c. coarctation of the aorta
d. tetralogy of fallot

c. coarctation of the aorta (COA)

what would be an expected finding in a COA patient?
a. diminished upper extremity cap refill
b. BP higher in upper extremities than in lower extremities
c. easily dehydrated
d. severe lower extremity edema

b. BP higher in upper extremities than in lower extremities

____________ is a four in one involving hyper cyanotic events that requires keeping a PDA by administering prostaglandin E immediately after birth
a. atrial septal defect
b. ventricular septal defect
c. coarctation of the aorta
d. tetralogy of fallot

d. tetralogy of fallot

if a child with tetralogy of fallot is experiencing a hypercyanotic event, what should the family be taught to do?

put child with knees to chest to shunt blood to vital organs

how is COA treated?
a. intense medication regimen
b. cardiac care every 2 months
c. three step surgery
d. it is not treatable

c. three step surgery

what are the three goals of treatment in patients with congestive heart failure?

1. improve cardiac function
2. remove accumulated fluid
3. improve tissue oxygenation

what is important to monitor before administration of meds in CHF patients?

vitals

___________ is a systemic inflammatory condition involving the heart and joints secondary to infection by group A beta hemolytic streptococcus
a. kawasaki disease
b. rheumatic fever
c. systemic lupus erythematous

b. rheumatic fever

what is a characteristic sign of rheumatic fever
a. fever
b. chest pain
c. cough
d. rash on trunk

d. rash on trunk

how is rheumatic fever treated?
a. rotate Tylenol and ibuprofen every four hours
b. IV antibiotics and high dose aspirin
c. fluids and ampicillin
d. cardiac catheterization

b. IV antibiotics and high dose aspirin

______________ is primarily seen in children 5 years of age and under due to an infectious agent; diagnosis follows ruling out any underlying conditions
a. kawasaki disease
b. rheumatic fever
c. systemic lupus erythematous

a. Kawasaki disease

true or false: Kawasaki disease involves increased fever not resolved by antibiotics along with strawberry tongue, edematous and red hands/feet, and painful joints

true

how is Kawasaki treated?
a. rotate Tylenol and ibuprofen every four hours
b. IVIG antibodies and high dose aspirin
c. fluids and ampicillin
d. cardiac catheterization

b. IVIG antibodies and high dose aspirin

what are the parameters for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in infants and children?

infants: > 220 BPM
children: >180 BPM

what is the intervention for a child in shock?

shock at 0.5-1.0 jules/kg (half a code)

(compensated/uncompensated) shock involves fever, tachycardia, warm extremities, bounding pulses, decreased responsiveness (being a "good baby")

compensated

(compensated/uncompensated) shock involves decreased urine, hypotension, prolonged capillary refill, and weak pulses

uncompensated

Infants 2-4-6 months old vaccines

Harry Rodents Don’t Have Pretty Pets

Hepatits B, Rotavirus, Dtap, Hib, Pneumococcal, Polio

12-18 months vaccines

Very Merry Pretty Dancers

Varicella, MMR, Pneumococcal, Dtap

4-6 years of age vaccines

Very Merry Pretty Dancers

Varicella, MMR, Polio, Dtap