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NREM-1
The stage of sleep characterized by slow breathing, irregular brain waves, lack of awareness, and potential hallucinations.
NREM-2
The sleep stage that constitutes the longest period of sleep, marked by slow delta waves.
Sleep
A natural loss of consciousness.
Hallucinations
Sensory experiences that occur without an external stimulus, referred to as hypnagogic.
Hypnagogic sensation
Bizarre experiences, like feeling weightless, that occur while transitioning to NREM-1.
Alpha waves
Slow brain waves released during a state of relaxation while awake.
LSD
A powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid.
Near-death experience
An altered state of consciousness often described as an out-of-body experience.
THC
The active compound found in marijuana.
Theta waves
Brain waves associated with light sleep.
Delta waves
Long, slow brain waves that occur during deep sleep.
Beta waves
Brain activity associated with being awake and alert.
Sleep spindles
Bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep.
NREM sleep
Non-rapid eye movement sleep, encompassing all stages of sleep except REM.
Insomnia
A condition where a person has difficulties in falling asleep or staying asleep.
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks, often leading to REM sleep.
Sleep apnea
A sleep disorder usually found in overweight individuals, marked by interrupted breathing during sleep.
Night terrors
Episodes that typically occur in children during NREM-3, where they wake up without recalling the event.
Paradoxical sleep
Another name for REM sleep, where the body is relaxed, but brain activity is high.
Dream
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts occurring in a sleeping person's mind, typically during REM.
Manifest content
Freud's term for the storyline of a dream.
Latent content
The underlying meaning or interpretation of a dream.
Methamphetamine
A stimulant drug that speeds up body functions and alters mood.
Ecstasy (MDMA)
A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen that produces euphoria by releasing dopamine and serotonin.
Alcohol
A depressant that slows down the nervous system.
Caffeine
A stimulant found in coffee and other beverages.
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Preconscious
Information that is not currently in conscious thought but can be easily recalled.
Unconscious
Thought processes that occur without awareness.
Circadian rhythm
The body's biological 24-hour cycle.
Infradian rhythm
Biological rhythms that occur once a month or a season, such as menstrual cycles.
Ultradian rhythm
Biological rhythms that occur more than once a day, like stages of sleep.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythms.
Melatonin
A hormone associated with the sleep/wake cycle, releasing more during darkness.
Sleep Theories
Theories suggesting sleep serves purposes like energy conservation, memory repair, and growth.
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep, where dreams occur; also known as paradoxical sleep.
Activation synthesis
The theory that dreams represent the brain's attempt to synthesize random neural activity.
Consolidation theory
The idea that dreams help strengthen neural traces of recent events and integrate them with old memories.
REM rebound
The phenomenon of increased REM sleep following periods of REM sleep deprivation.
Psychoactive drugs
Chemicals that change perception and mood.
Major categories of drugs
The three major categories are depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens.
Tolerance
The condition where a person requires larger doses of a drug due to dependence.
Withdrawal
The physical and emotional distress experienced after discontinuing a drug.
Physical dependence
A physiological need for a drug accompanied by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.
Psychological dependence
A compulsive need to use a drug to avoid negative emotional states.
Addiction
A condition characterized by a strong craving for a drug, despite harmful consequences.
Depressants
Drugs that slow down body and neural functions, such as alcohol and heroin.
Stimulants
Drugs that excite body functions and neural connections, including caffeine and cocaine.
Hallucinogens
Drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images without sensory input.
Barbiturates
Drugs that depress CNS activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.
Opiates
Drugs that depress neural activity, temporarily relieving pain and anxiety, like morphine and heroin.
Amphetamines
Stimulants that speed up neural activity and mood, including meth.
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