Biology 11 Summer - Sekulovich

Phylum Annelida

SEGMENTED WORMS and have Coeloms, along with complex DIGESTIVE, CIRCULATORY NERVOUS AND EXCETORY SYSTEMS

Divided into segments marked by Annuli (rings)

Hermaphroditic

Annelus/ Annuli

Latin for "little ring".

Classes of Annelids

1. Oligochaeta - Earthworm

2. Hirudinea - Leech

3. Polycheata - Marine Worms

Coelom (Annelids)

Annelids possess a true coelom, which is a body cavity that allows for true organ systems and muscular layers.

Organ Systems (Annelids)

Annelids have complex digestive and circulatory systems, along with defined nervous and excretory systems.

Respiratory System (Annelids)

Annelids DO NOT have a developed respiratory system;

Exchange O2 gas via their moist epidermis through diffusion.

Cuticle (Annelids)

Annelids contain a cuticle to hold moisture.

Segmentation (Annelids)

Annelids are segmented into a sequence of compartments by septa, marked by rings called annuli.

Reproduction (Annelids)

Regeneration and Binary Fission and Fission

SEXUAL: They are Hermaphroditic but they must smash another worm to have babies

Habitat (Annelids)

Annelids are found in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments.

Size (Annelids)

Annelids range in size from less than 1 mm to over 3 meters.

Earthworm Digestive System

ONE WAY digestive system (mouth and ass) and have SPECIALIZED DIGESTIVE ORGANS (Esophagous, Intestines)

Circulatory System (Earthworm)

Earthworms have a closed circulatory system

Two blood vessels running the length of the worm. Blood is pumped through dorsal and ventral blood vessels by 5 hearts.

HEMOGLOBIN (Iron)

Excretory System (Earthworm)

The excretory system of an earthworm includes NEPHRIDA, which are primitive kidneys that eliminate waste from the blood.

Nervous System (Earthworm)

The earthworm's nervous system includes cephalization with a primitive brain and a ventral nerve cord.

NO DEFINED SENSORY ORGANS

Earthworm Reproduction

They are Hermaphroditic (Eggs and Sperm) and they must smash other earthworms to make babies (Cross Fertilization)

They can also regnerate

Regeneration (Earthworm)

Earthworms are capable of re-growing amputated segments of their bodies.

Longitudinal Muscles (Earthworm)

Longitudinal muscles in earthworms contract to make the worm SHORTER (Vice Versa)

Circular Muscles (Earthworm)

Circular muscles in earthworms contract to make the worm THINNER

Describe earthworm movement

Earthworms move using two major groups of muscles: longitudinal and circular muscles. The circular muscles contract, making the worm thinner and extending it forward, while the longitudinal muscles relax. Then, the longitudinal muscles contract, making the worm shorter and thicker, pulling the posterior end forward, while the circular muscles relax. This alternating contraction and relaxation, along with setae (bristles) for grip, allows for locomotion.

Ecological Importance of Annelids

1. Base of many food chains

2. Aerate (Air Out) and mix soil - Help with mineralization and nutrient uptake

3. Composters and turn dead organic matter into soil

4. Cycle nutrients and minerals through their poop

5. Increase levels of NITROGEN, PHOSPHATES AND POTASH

Phylum Mollusca (Mollusks)

Second most populated Phylum and are COELOMATES and have closed circulatory systems

The use GILLS for respiatory system and are soft-bodied with a CACO3 SHELL (Some lost through evolution)

Complexity (Mollusks)

Mollusks are coelomates and PROTOSOMES. They are triploblastic coelomates. (3 germ layers)

Body Plan (Mollusks)

All mollusks have a true coelom, allowing for specialized organ systems.

They all possess a visceral mass, a foot, and a mantle.

Digestive System (Mollusks)

Mollusks have a one-way digestive system with specialized organs and mouthparts.

Radula

A chitinous (Made of Chitin) tongue found in many mollusks, used for feeding.

Circulatory System (Mollusks)

CEPHALOPODS (Octopus) have a closed circulatory system, while all other mollusk classes have open circulatory systems.

Respiratory System (Mollusks)

The respiratory system of mollusks includes gills to extract O2 and eliminate nitrogenous waste.

Shell (Mollusks)

Mollusks are soft-bodied animals with a calcium carbonate shell.

Some have internal shells or have lost their shells through evolution.

Symmetry (Mollusks)

Mollusks are bilaterally symmetrical.

Cephalization (Mollusks)

Many mollusks have highly developed cephalization with sensory organs.

Reproduction (Mollusks)

Mollusks typically have separate sexes (dioecious) and reproduce sexually.

Visceral Mass

Contains the gut (mouth & anus), circulatory system, reproductive system, and excretory system with kidneys.

Mantle

A thin membrane that covers the visceral mass, secretes the shell, and possesses chemical sensory organs.

The mantle cavity encloses and protects the gills.

Strong Muscular Foot

The foot is modified to suit individual species' lifestyles.

Siphon Function

1. RESPIRATION - Bring water in

2. FEEDING- Transport food to digestive system

3. REPRODUCTION - Bring in sperm, or release gametes

4. LOCOMOTION - JET PROPULSION GO WHOOSH

Open Circulatory System (Mollusks)

In an open circulatory system (found in all mollusks except cephalopods),HEMOLYMPH (fluid containing copper) is pumped throughout the body without being contained in veins. It drains to and from the gills and is characteristic of slow-moving animals.

Closed Circulatory System (Mollusks)

In a closed circulatory system (found only in cephalopods), hemocyanin (contains copper) is pumped through veins.

Class Polyplacophora (Chitons)

Have 8 shell plates for protection and flexing, can roll into a ball, are surrounded by a girdle,

live mostly in intertidal zones, have a strong foot for adhesion, and use a radula tipped with magnetite to eat algae.

Class Bivalva (Bivalves)

Includes clams, mussels, and oysters.

This is the only class without a radula. They have two shells (valves) kept closed by strong adductor muscles. Most are filter feeders. The foot is used to burrow. Scallops use jet propulsion to move.

Class Gastropoda (Gastropods)

Includes snails, limpets, and slugs.

• MOST DIVERS ECLASS - Have muscular foot

• Some have UNIVALVE (Single shell) others don’t have shell

• Shells are textures coild and coloured

• OPERCULUM- They can draw body back into shell for protection

• WELL DEFINED HEAD, 2-4 TENTALES and have eyes

• EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION, SEPARATE SEXES

• Some have gills, some have lungs

Class Cephalopoda (Cephalopods)

Includes squid and octopuses.

• BILATERAL SYMETRY and have head, arms and tentacles

• INTELIGENT BRAIN

• Arms take in food, BEAKS that tear through prey and they have POISON

• COLOSED, HEMOCYNANIN circulatory system

• JET PROPILSION

• Colour change (Chromatophores) and has very strong VISION

• Ink sac

Squid Ink

Secreted by cephalopods when in danger.

Phylum Arthropoda

Arthropods means "joint foot".

Celomates, BILATERAL SYMETRY - Head, Thorax and Abdomen

Have Trypanum (early ears)

80% of ALL ANIMALS are arthropods, and 76% OF ARTHROPODS are insects

Major Classes of Arthropods

1. Class Chilopoda (Centipedes)

2. Class Insecta (6-legged insects)

3. Class Diplopoda (Millipedes)

4. Class Arachnida (Spiders, mites, scorpions)

5. Class Maxillopoda (Barnacles)

6. Class Malacostraca (Lobster, shrimp, crab).

Appendages (Arthropods)

Arthropods have jointed appendages - Limbs that allow for movement and flexability

Exoskeleton (Arthropods)

Arthropods have an exoskeleton made of chitin, secreted by the epidermis.

Body Regions (Arthropods)

Arthropods have three body regions: head, thorax, and abdomen.

Respiration (Arthropods)

Respiration occurs via the body surface, gills, tracheae, or book lungs.

Circulatory System (Arthropods)

Arthropods have an open circulatory system.

Sensory Organs (Arthropods)

WELL DEVELOPED SENSRY ORGANS

1. Compound eyes

2. Tympanum (drum-like ear)

3. Antennae (for touch, smell, and chemical reception).

Digestive System (Arthropods)

Arthropods have complete digestive systems with a mouth, specialized organs, and an anus.

Reproduction (Arthropods)

Arthropods are dioecious, and fertilization is usually internal.

Nervous System (Arthropods)

Arthropods have a developed nervous system with a DORSAL BRAIN connected by a ring and double ventral nerve cords.

Habitat (Arthropods)

Arthropods are found in marine, freshwater, terrestrial, and aerial environments.

Class Insecta Characteristics

1. CHITIN EXOSKELETON

2. Have a head with 6 antenna and eyes

3. Have a THORAX with legs and wings

4. Have an ABDOMEN with 11 segments that have digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive system

5. Respire (Breathe) through internal tubes that are next to Circulatory System - Because so close, need vessels

6. The MOLT as they grow (Metamorphasis)

7. They hatch from eggs and sexualy reproduce

Respiration (Insects)

Insects respire through a system of internal tubes and sacs directly next to the circulatory system, so the circulatory system does not need closed vessels.

Reproduction (Insects)

Most insects hatch from eggs formed by sexual reproduction.

Metamorphosis (Insects)

Insects molt as they grow in size, undergoing metamorphosis.

Class Malacostraca (Crustaceans) Characteristics

1. Head and thorax are FUSED TOGETHER - Cephalothorax, covered by carapace

2. 6 Segments - Antenna, mouthparts and appendages (Maxillipeds)

3. 8 thorax segments and 6 abdominal segments used for swimming

4. COMPOUND STALKED EYES - They can like pull the eyes in for protection

5. CENTRALIZED NERVOUS SYSTEM and have 2 chambered stomach

Stalked Eyes (Crustaceans)

Stalked eyes allow crustaceans to retract them for protection or see in many directions.

Ecological Roles of Arthropods

Arthropods play roles in the production of honey, wax, and silk

Recycling biological materials to aid in producing topsoil, forming part of food chains

Symbiotic relationships with other organisms (e.g., burrowing shrimp and goby fish).

Symbiotic Relationship Example (Arthropods)

A burrowing shrimp is blind and digs a burrow, while a goby fish touches the shrimp when danger approaches.

Phylum Echinodermata

Echinoderms means "spiny skin" - Radially symetric and have 5-rayed symetry

CAcO3 SKELETON, Water Vascular System, Digestive System, NO HEART/ BRAIN

Skeleton (Echinoderms)

Echinoderms have a calcareous skeleton (CaCO₃)

Water Vascular System (Echinoderms)

Echinoderms possess a water vascular system used for gas exchange, feeding, and locomotion.

Digestive System (Echinoderms)

Echinoderms have a complete digestive system.

Circulatory System (Echinoderms)

Echinoderms have an open/reduced circulatory system with NO HEART, consisting of a central ring and vessels.

Nervous System (Echinoderms)

Echinoderms have a simple radial nervous system with no brain.

Reproduction (Echinoderms)

The reproductive system consists of gonads that take up a significant amount of space in the body cavity.

Sexual reproduction occurs with fertilization outside the body for most species. They have ciliated, free-swimming larvae.

Habitat (Echinoderms)

Echinoderms are abundant on most sea coasts, especially rocky shores.

Major Classes of Echinoderms

Class Asteroidea (Starfish)

Class Echinoidea (Sea urchins and sand dollars)

Class Holothuroidea (Sea cucumbers)

Class Ophiuroidea (Brittle stars).

Class Asteroidea (Starfish) Characteristics

1. Sea stars possess 5 or more arms radiating from a central disk

2. The mouth is on the oral surface (underside)

3. They are found worldwide in various shapes and color

4. Most have a simple light-sensitive eyespot at the end of each ray (arm).

Sea Star Stomachs

TWO STOMACH, Each with different function

1. Cardiac Stomach - Can be pushed outside of mouth to engulf and digest food and is brought INSIDE so Pyloric Stomach

2. Pyloric Stomach - Further digests food and moves it to the intestine and the anus - Allows Larger food to be consumed

Water Vascular System (Sea Star)

Consists of a central ring and a series of canals that end in TUBE FEET. These tube feet are used for movement, feeding, and bringing in water for gas exchange.

Class Echinoidea (Sea Urchins) Characteristics

Spines are 1-3cm and have a GLOBOID shape with NO RAYS OR ARMS

• Ball and socket joints allow them to move

• If you touch spine, then the spines will coverage there

• Have a MOUTH with 5 CaCO₃ teeth

• ARISTOTLES LANTERN

Aristotle's Lantern

The mouth structure of sea urchins, composed of 5 calcium carbonate teeth and a fleshy tongue.

Spines (Echinoderms)

Spines are observed on many echinoderms, can be soft or hard and sharp, and deter predators.

Pedicellariae

Pincer-like structures that protrude from the body surface between the spines, keeping the body surface clear of encrusting organisms.

Defense Systems (Echinoderms)

Echinoderms utilize spines and pedicellariae as defense mechanisms. They also CAMOFLAGUE with their natural color into their environment.

Ecological Roles of Echinoderms

• Starfish prevent agal mats from growing on coral reefs

• Part of the food chain and produce food for other creatures

• Ecosystem management and feed on dead/ decaying organisms

• Sea Cucumber provide habitats for parasites and when they burrow, they increase levels of oxygen and ecological tiering

• Sea Urchins release nutrients in rocks and they graze to reduce rate of colonization

Protosomes

A multicellular organism whose mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening, such as an annelid, mollusk, or arthropod.

MOUTH FORM FIRST

Nephridia

Primitive kidneys that eliminate waste from the blood.

Septa

Internal walls or partitions that divide the body or structures into compartments

Aerate

Introduce air into (a material)

Trympanum

Thin, vibrating membrane used for hearing, similar to an eardrum in other animals

Found in ARTHROPODS

Molt

Shed (Get rid of) old structures)

Tube Feet

Small, active, tubular projections found on echinoderms like starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers

Aid in locomotion (moving), feeding and sensory perception

What is an animal? (What Traits do they All Share)

Eukaryotic - Have nucleus and organelles

NO CELL WALL - Gotta move around gang

Multicellular - Many different and SPECIALIZED cells

Heterotrophs - CONSUME/ feed on other organisms

Describe "eukaryotic."

Their cells have a nucleus and many small parts called organelles.

Why do animal cells lack cell walls?

Because animals need to move around.

What does "multicellular" mean in the context of animals?

They are made of many different, specialized cells.

Heterotroph (Animals)

Animals don't make their own food; they have to eat other organisms.

Cell Specialization

It's when each specialized cell has a special shape, structure, and internal parts that suit its job.

Division of Labour

To be efficient, animals share out important tasks among their specialized cells to survive.

What are the 7 things animals need to do to survive?

Feeding, Respiration, Internal Transport Systems, Excretion, Response, Movement, and Reproduction.

Herbivores

They eat plants (like roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, or fruits).

Carnivores

They eat other animals (like fat, muscle, bone marrow, or blood).

Parasites

They live inside or attached to another organism and feed on it (can cause disease, but sometimes helps the host).

Filter Feeders

They are water animals that strain tiny floating plants and animals from the water around them.

HUMPACK WHALES