Psychology 101 Unit 2

What is learning?

a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

What is Operant Conditioning

Organisms learn association between behavior and consequences

What is Classical conditioning

Learning through association, we learn to anticipate events through experience

What kind of conditioning was Pavlovs dog experiment

Classical conditioning

Unconditional stimulus

Illicits a natural response in an organism that causes an unconditioned response both are natural this happens before conditioning

Neutral stimulus

At first, it does not illicit any behavior this happens before conditioning

Conditioned response

Happens after conditioning as a response to conditioned stimulus

Contingency

Classical conditioning regularly followed by unconditioned stimulus

Contiguity

Time between classical conditioning and unconditioned stimulus

Generalization

when you have the same response based off things that look alike

Extinction

response weakened by not presenting conditioned stimulus

Spontaneous Recovery

Conditioned response recurs after a time delay and without additional learning

Counter conditioning

Conditioned stimulus paired with new unconditioned stimuli (bullying being associated with going to school)

Thorndkie law effect

Behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakened

B.F. Skinner

Used an operant conditioning chamber, he shaped pigeons behavior by rewarding them

Reinforcement

increases the probability of behavior

Positive Reinforcement

Behavior followed by addition of desirable stimulus

Negative Reinforcement

Behavior followed by the removal of undesirable stimulus (timeout)

What is negative and positive reinforcement

It’s not a good or bad thing but rather the addition or removal of stimulus

What are the four steps of social learning?

attention, attention to the model, retention, reproduction, motivation

Observation learning

occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior (modeling)

Expectancy learning

Conditioning leads to expectations, placebo effect, a student's expectation for success on a given task.

Latent learning

unreinforced learning, learning stored but not immediately expressed in behavior occurs when you complete a task repeatedly without knowing the rules or if you are going to get reinforced aka muscle memory

Insight learning

Problem-solving through sudden insight, thinking outside the box

What are two biological constraints

Instinctive drift, and preparedness

What is instinctive drift?

The tendency for some trained animals to naturally revert back to their instinctual behavior

What are the two different mindsets?

fixed and growth

What is a fixed mindset?

Either good or bad at something no room for improvement

What is a growth mindset

You can learn whatever you want you just have to believe in yourself

What are some factors that influence stress

Predictability of stressor, control over stressor, improvement of stressor, and outlets of frustration

External locus of control

You believe that events outside of your control drive your actions

Internal locus of control

You have personal control over your own behavior

Learned helplessness

when an organism is unable to find resolutions to difficult situations

Timing of consequences

Immediate versus delayed reinforcements / punishment

Applied behavior analysis

Using operant conditioning principles to change human behavior; most commonly used for treating autism spectrum disorder

Primary Reinforcers

Innately satisfying - food water and sexual pleasure

Secondary Reinforcers

Become satisfying through experience; learned by repeated association with preexisting reinforcement; like social interaction, and token economy

Continuous reinforcement

Behavior reinforced all of the time

Partial reinforcement

behavior reinforced only some of the time

schedules of reinforcement

patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

Fixed ratio

Reinforcement follows a set number of behaviors

Variable Ratio

reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of behaviors

Fixed interval

reinforcement follows behavior that occurs after a set amount of time has elapsed

Variable interval

reinforcement follows behavior that occurs after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed; pop quiz

Punishment

decreases the likelihood of a behavior

Positive punishment

behavior followed by the addition of an aversive stimulus (scolding)

Negative punishment

Behaviors followed by a removal of a desirable stimulus (taking away tv)

Development

The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life

Cross-sectional studies

studying different ages at on point in time

Nature

Biological inheritance (genes)

Nurture

Environmental/social experiences

Self

Individuals take active roles in own development by seeking optimal experiences in life

Resilience

A person’s ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times; resilient children become capable adults

What weeks do the Germinal period take place?

Weeks 1 to 2

What happens during the Germinal period?

Conception and zygote forms

In what weeks does the embryonic period take place

Weeks 3 to 8

What happens in the embryonic period

Cell differentiation, start of organ formation, and body formation

What time does the fetal period take place?

Months 2 to 9

What happens during the fetal period?

Increase in organ functions, can be affected by enviornmental insults

Teratogens

Agents that can disrupt development of the fetus; more likely to affect behavior during fetal period (Nicotine, alcohol certain illnesses and viruses, and STI’s)

What are some effects of teratogens

Timing of exposure, genetic characteristics, postnatal

What is an example of a physical development

Reflexes, they are genetically wired behaviors some are crucial for survival

When does the oral stage take place?

0 to 18 months

When does the anal stage take place

18 to 36 months

When does the phallic stage take place

3-6 years

What happens during the phallic stage

Genitals/ masturbation

When is the latency stage

6 years to puberty

When is the genital stage

puberty +

What happens during the latency stage

repression of sexual feelings

What is cognitive development

How thought intelligence and language processes change as people mature

Schemas

Concepts or frameworks that organize information

Assimilation

apply old schemas to new experiences

Accomodation

adjust/alter schemas to new information

Sensorimotor stage

Birth to 2 years, coordinate sensations with movements, object permanences, progress from reflexive action to symbolic thought

Preoperation stage

2 to 7 years, symbolic thinking, intuitive reasoning, egocentrism

Concrete operational stage

7 to 11 years, operational thinking, reversibility, conservationism, classification skills, reasoning logically in concrete contexts

Formal operational stage

10 to 15 years, lasts through adulthood, abstract and idealistic thought

What are some problems with piagets theory

Underestimates the cognitive capacities of very young children and overestimated cognitive abilities of adolescents and adults

What was Vygotskys sociocultural cognitive theory

Children are apprentice thinkers, and interactions with adults provides scaffolding for childs cognitive abilities

What are the three clusters of temperament?

Easy, difficult, and slow to warm up

What was the Harlow study

Studied which fake mom a monkey would go to, one that could provide food vs warmth, the monkey liked the warmth better

John Bowlby

Infant attachment lays the groundwork for future relationships

Secure attachment

Mom leaves baby, baby is sad, mom comes back picks the baby up and the baby stops crying

Insecure attachment

mom leaves, baby cries, when mom comes back mom picks up baby but the baby still cries

Avoidant attachment

Mom leaves, mom comes back and baby avoids mom

Ambivalent attachment

Mom leaves, mom comes back but cant console baby

Authoritarian parenting style

Parents are controlling and punitive, this causes children to lack social skills, show poor initivate, and compare themselves to others

Authoritative parenting style

Parents encourage independence with limits, parents are warm and nurturing, this creates children with social competence, social responsibility, and self-reliance aka successful adults

Neglectful parenting style

Parents generally uninvolved, correlated with less social competence and poor self control in child

Permissive parenting style

Parents are involved but place few limits, correlated with poor social competence lack or respect for others and poor self-control and spoiled adults

Erik Eriksons theory

Emphasizes lifelong development. One issue with his theory is that it was primarily focused on case studies

Birth to 1 year

Trust vs. mistrust - learning that the provider of comfort is reliable consistent and predictable along with self-control

2 to 3 years

Autonomy vs shame and doubt - learning to exercise independence and freedom of choice along with self-control

3 to 5 years

Initiative vs guilt - planning and executing a task for the sake of actively doing it

6 to 11 years

Industry vs inferiority - developing as a worker and producer

Adolescence

Identity vs role confusion - only care about yourself might date but not long term

Early adulthood

Intimacy vs isolations - friendships, longer-term romantic relationships or you isolate yourself

Middle adulthood

Generativity vs stagnation - leaving a legacy

Late adulthood

Integrity vs despair - life review having regrets, not knowing if you did all you wanted to do in ur life, coming to terms with death

What is the amygdala

It deals with processing emotions