Control (IB) Notes

Centralized Control Systems

Centralized Control Systems

Essential systems in the digital age that carry out various tasks using cutting-edge computer technology.

Automated Doors

Doors that use sensors like pressure mats, infrared sensors, and motion detectors to open and close, saving energy and promoting hygiene.

Thermostatic Control

Regulates heating devices to maintain the desired temperature, with smart thermostats predicting heating needs for energy savings.

Taxi Meters

Systems that calculate fares based on time and distance traveled, ensuring compliance with local fare laws and providing digital receipts.

Elevators

Systems that manage elevator movement, safety mechanisms, and energy efficiency through call and dispatch features, safety mechanisms, and traffic algorithms.

Washing Machines

Machines that customize washing cycles based on fabric type, adjust water and detergent use with load sensing, and recycle water for efficiency.

Industrial Automation

Involves managing equipment and processes in industries like manufacturing, food processing, and medicine, using feedback loops and data acquisition.

Device Drivers

Facilitate hardware communication with the operating system, extending functionality, ensuring cross-platform compatibility, and enhancing security.

Domestic Robots

Robots performing tasks like housework or lawn maintenance, using sensors for navigation, task-specific programming, and learning capabilities.

GPS Systems

Utilize satellite communication for time and location data, aiding in mapping, geolocation services, and accurate timing for various applications.

Traffic Lights

Control vehicle flow at crossings using sensor-based systems, interconnectivity, and features like pedestrian crossing signals for safety.

Microprocessors

CPUs of embedded systems that execute algorithms, offer versatility, integrate with other components, and play a crucial role in control systems.

Sensors

Devices that gather information from the environment, convert it into electrical signals for microprocessors, and are crucial for automation in control systems.

Input Devices

Bridges between physical and digital worlds that convert user input or environmental factors into data for computer systems, enabling communication and triggering actions.

Data Collection Rate

The pace at which a device collects data to meet system demands.

Power Consumption

The amount of power input devices use, crucial for battery-operated systems.

Efficiency

The ability of a device to perform effectively with minimal resources.

Durability

The capacity of equipment to withstand operating conditions like heat, dampness, or strain.

Maintenance Requirements

The level of maintenance needed for devices to reduce operational costs and downtime.

Sensors

Devices that detect environmental changes and convert them into electrical signals.

Thermocouple for Controlling Temperature

A sensor suitable for accurate temperature readings.

Security Systems' Proximity Sensor

A sensor ideal for non-contact detection of unauthorized presence.

Keypads and Keyboards

Manual entry devices crucial for direct human input.

Microphones

Devices for voice input, increasingly used for communication with technology.

Cameras

Essential devices for capturing visual information in systems requiring visual data.

Touch Displays

Input and output devices providing user-friendly interfaces for interaction.

Machine Control Pads

Devices in industrial environments resistant to factors like vibration and dust.

Biometric Sensors

Devices for safe processing and storage of biometric data, balancing convenience and security.

ATM Keyboards

Robust keyboards for continuous use, especially in outdoor environments.

Gesture Recognition

Technology using cameras and sensors to recognize hand gestures, beneficial in virtual reality and gaming.

Haptic Feedback Devices

Devices providing tactile sensations to enhance engagement, particularly in virtual environments.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT)

Integration with input devices transforming data processing and collection, improving system efficiency.

Modularity

Design approach allowing easy replacement of sensors, CPUs, and output devices in control systems.

Scalability

Design principle enabling control systems to expand by adding sensors and actuators without rebuilding the system entirely.

Production lines for manufacturing and process control

Ensure production quality by providing input on the manufacturing procedure.

Chemical Plants

Adjust conditions based on chemical sensors' feedback to regulate reactions.

Constituencies and Mechanism of Feedback Loops

Feedback loops consist of essential parts working together to create a functional whole.

Sensors

Tools used to measure physical quantities like light, pressure, and temperature.

Processors

Microcontrollers or computers that analyze and decide based on sensor data.

Actuators

Mechanisms used by the processor to carry out judgments.

Feedback Loop Method of Sensing

Sensors measure and convert data.

Processing

Processor compares sensor data to the intended set point.

Actuating

Processor instructs actuator to adjust based on the comparison.

Re-evaluating

Sensor remeasures the variable to assess the adjustment's impact.

Input in Adaptive and Learning Frameworks

Feedback in adaptive systems promotes learning and development through ongoing modifications.

Algorithmic Adjustment in Machine Learning Systems

Systems modify algorithms in response to feedback to enhance output accuracy.

Predictive Behavior

Systems anticipate changes and act proactively.

Autonomous Vehicles

Use input from sensors to adjust path and maneuvering.

Safety

Constantly adjust to changing traffic circumstances to enhance passenger safety.

Difficulties in the Design of Feedback Systems

Overcome problems in design for efficacy and reliability.

Complexity and Design Difficulty

Feedback system design requires meticulous planning, testing, and implementation.

Integration

Systems must easily integrate with current elements.

Stability and Calibration

Fine-tune systems to react to environmental changes.

Oscillations and Instability

Poorly constructed feedback can lead to oscillations and system instability.

Ethical and Social Consequences of System Feedback

Feedback systems raise moral and societal issues.

Confidentiality and Monitoring

Monitoring in feedback systems raises privacy concerns.

Data Security

Strict procedures are needed to protect feedback data.

Control and Dependability

Relying on feedback systems too much can be problematic in case of system failure.

Human Oversight

Continuous discussion on the level of human oversight needed for automated feedback systems.

Ecological and Environmental Systems' Feedback

Feedback is crucial for managing the environment and ecosystems.

Temperature Regulation

Feedback loops help regulate ecosystems by managing predator-prey populations.

Climate Models

Use feedback to forecast shifts and guide environmental management.

Systems of Energy

Modify energy flow based on feedback from use for efficient power distribution.

Renewable Energy Sources

Adapt to varying energy supply levels using feedback.

Feedback's Future in Control Systems

Technological developments impact feedback in control systems.

Technological Developments in Sensors

More precise sensors enhance feedback quality.

Miniaturization

Smaller sensors enable more compact systems to provide feedback.

Connectivity to the Internet of Things (IoT) Integration

Improved connectivity allows for sophisticated feedback systems.

Data analysis

IoT facilitates gathering and analyzing vast amounts of feedback data for better decision-making.

Improved Algorithms for Machine Learning

Feedback enhances algorithms' efficiency and intelligence.

Automation of Daily Life Home Appliances

Home appliances use feedback systems for energy efficiency and convenience.

Personal Devices

Wearable technologies use feedback to customize user experiences.

Algorithm with Ethics Elimination of Design Biases

Develop unbiased feedback system algorithms.

Transparency

Efforts to make system decisions transparent.

Sustainable Control Systems

Feedback mechanisms are essential for sustainable resource use.

Waste Reduction

Feedback systems help locate and reduce waste across sectors.

Developments in Robotics

Robots use intelligent feedback for complex activities.

Collaborative Robots

Feedback systems allow robots to work productively alongside humans.

Transportation Autonomy

Secure self-driving cars rely on better feedback mechanisms.

Input in Medical and Health Systems

Feedback loops advance medical operations and patient care.

Medical Devices

Feedback mechanisms improve prosthetics and diagnostics.

Systems for Monitoring Patients

Real-time feedback enhances patient monitoring and treatment.

Training in Feedback Systems

Education focuses on understanding and designing feedback systems.

Development of Curriculum

STEM education emphasizes feedback systems for future challenges.

Real-World Applications

Educational programs incorporate real-world feedback applications.

Investigation and Originality

Scholarly research on feedback systems' uses and consequences.

Innovation

Students and researchers create feedback-based solutions to challenges.

Social and Ethical Impacts of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems have ethical and societal implications.

Comprehending Embedded Systems

Embedded systems process real-time data and control operations.

Prisoner Tagging's Social Effects

Tags can aid in reintegration and resource allocation.

Social Repercussions

Visible monitoring can boost community confidence and affect behavior.

CCTV and surveillance

Centralized Systems

Systems where one central server or a cluster of servers holds authority and control over the entire network, serving all client devices and managing requests, data storage, and services.

Distributed Systems

Systems consisting of independent computers that exchange messages to coordinate and interact, with each node functioning autonomously and having its own local memory.

Benefits of Centralized Systems

Simplified management, consistency in data, easier implementation compared to distributed systems.

Drawbacks of Centralized Systems

Restrictions on the central server causing potential lag, limited flexibility in scaling or making changes, risk of overload with excessive concurrent requests.

Benefits of Distributed Systems

Reliability in case of node failure, resource sharing for optimized system use, scalability by adding new nodes as needed.

Drawbacks of Distributed Systems

Complexity in managing numerous nodes, higher initial setup costs, risk of inconsistent data replication between nodes.

Client-Server Model in Centralized Systems

Clients submit requests to the central server for processing, ensuring data consistency and integrity, and resource allocation by the central server.

Dynamics of Distributed Systems

Nodes cooperate, data is distributed among nodes for enhanced access and speed, each node possesses autonomy for flexibility in failures and changes.