Period 7A Vocab

**William H. Seward (7.2

** U.S. Secretary of State who negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, known as "Seward's Folly."

**Monroe Doctrine (7.2

** A U.S. foreign policy statement (1823) warning European nations against colonizing or interfering in the Americas.

**Queen Liliuokalani (7.2

** The last monarch of Hawaii, overthrown by American settlers and the U.S. government in 1893.

**“New Imperialism” (7.2

** A late 19th-century U.S. policy of expanding influence overseas through economic, military, and political means.

**Alfred Thayer Mahan (7.2

** Naval strategist who wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, advocating for a strong navy to support imperialism.

**Darwinism (7.2

** The theory of evolution by natural selection, which was later applied to social and economic policies in the form of Social Darwinism.

**Josiah Strong (7.2

** A Protestant clergyman who promoted Anglo-Saxon superiority and imperialism in his book Our Country.

**“Jingoism” (7.3

** An extreme form of nationalism marked by aggressive foreign policy and military intervention.

**Cuban Revolt (7.3

** An armed struggle by Cuban revolutionaries against Spanish rule, leading to U.S. involvement in the Spanish-American War.

**“Yellow Journalism” (7.3

** Sensationalized and exaggerated news reporting, used by publishers like Hearst and Pulitzer to stir public support for the Spanish-American War.

**De Lôme Letter (7.3

** A leaked letter from a Spanish diplomat criticizing President McKinley, fueling American resentment toward Spain.

**Sinking of the Maine (7.3

** The explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor (1898), which was blamed on Spain and helped start the Spanish-American War.

**Teller Amendment (7.3

** A U.S. resolution stating that the U.S. would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

**The Philippines (7.3

** An archipelago acquired by the U.S. after the Spanish-American War, leading to an armed conflict with Filipino nationalists.

**George Dewey (7.3

** U.S. naval commander who led the decisive victory against Spain at the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898.

**Rough Riders (7.3

** A volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt, famous for their charge up San Juan Hill in the Spanish-American War.

**Puerto Rico (7.3

** A Caribbean island acquired by the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris (1898), remaining a U.S. territory.

**Guam (7.3

** A Pacific island taken by the U.S. from Spain in 1898, now a U.S. territory.

**Treaty of Paris, 1898 (7.3

** The treaty ending the Spanish-American War, granting the U.S. control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

**Emilio Aguinaldo (7.3

** Filipino nationalist leader who fought against both Spanish and U.S. rule.

**Anti-Imperialist League (7.3

** A group opposing U.S. annexation of the Philippines, arguing it violated American democratic principles.

**Insular Cases (7.3

** Supreme Court rulings that determined constitutional rights did not automatically extend to U.S. territories.

**Platt Amendment (7.3

** Allowed U.S. intervention in Cuba and granted the U.S. a naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

**Spheres of Influence (7.3

** Areas in China where foreign nations controlled trade and investment, limiting Chinese sovereignty.

**Open Door Policy (7.3

** A U.S. policy advocating equal trade access in China and opposition to colonial-style partitioning.

**Boxer Rebellion (7.3

** A Chinese nationalist uprising against foreign influence, suppressed by an international coalition including U.S. forces.

**“Big Stick” Diplomacy (7.3

** Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy advocating military strength to achieve diplomatic goals.

**Theodore Roosevelt (7.3

** 26th U.S. president, known for progressive reforms, trust-busting, and an assertive foreign policy.

**Panama Canal (7.3

** A canal built by the U.S. to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, completed in 1914.

**Roosevelt Corollary (7.3

** An extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting U.S. intervention rights in Latin America to maintain stability.

**Russo-Japanese War (7.3

** A 1904-1905 war between Russia and Japan, with Roosevelt mediating the Treaty of Portsmouth.

**“Gentlemen’s Agreement” (7.3

** A 1907 U.S.-Japan agreement limiting Japanese immigration in exchange for fair treatment of Japanese Americans.

**Great White Fleet (7.3

** A U.S. naval fleet sent around the world by Roosevelt to showcase American military power.

**Root-Takahira Agreement (7.3

** A 1908 U.S.-Japan agreement affirming the status quo in the Pacific and Open Door Policy in China.

**William Howard Taft (7.3

** 27th U.S. president known for "Dollar Diplomacy" and later serving as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

**“Dollar Diplomacy” (7.3

** Taft’s foreign policy encouraging U.S. investment abroad to promote stability and economic influence.

**Woodrow Wilson (7.3

** 28th U.S. president known for progressive reforms, World War I leadership, and the League of Nations.

**“Moral Diplomacy” (7.3

** Wilson’s foreign policy promoting democracy and moral principles rather than imperialistic expansion.

**Pancho Villa (7.3

** A Mexican revolutionary who led raids into the U.S., prompting a U.S. military expedition into Mexico.

**Muckrakers (7.4

** Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in the early 20th century.

**Lincoln Steffens (7.4

** A muckraker who wrote The Shame of the Cities, exposing political corruption in urban governments.

**Ida Tarbell (7.4

** A muckraker who wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company, criticizing John D. Rockefeller’s business practices.

**Jacob Riis (7.4

** A photojournalist who documented urban poverty in How the Other Half Lives.

**Secret Ballot (7.4

** A voting reform ensuring privacy in elections to prevent voter intimidation and corruption.

**Robert La Follette (7.4

** Progressive Wisconsin governor and senator who promoted the "Wisconsin Idea" of government reform.

**Direct Primary (7.4

** A reform allowing voters to choose party nominees rather than political party leaders.

**Direct Election of Senators (7.4

** A reform allowing voters, rather than state legislatures, to elect U.S. senators.

**17th Amendment (7.4

** Ratified in 1913, it established the direct election of U.S. senators.

**Initiative, Referendum, Recall (7.4

** Progressive-era reforms allowing voters to propose laws, approve legislation, and remove officials from office.

**“Wisconsin Idea” (7.4

** A series of progressive reforms in Wisconsin that promoted government accountability and efficiency.

**Temperance and Prohibition (7.4

** Movements advocating for reducing or banning alcohol consumption, leading to the 18th Amendment.

**National Child Labor Committee (7.4

** An organization that campaigned for laws restricting child labor.

**Compulsory School Attendance (7.4

** Laws requiring children to attend school to reduce child labor and increase literacy.

**Florence Kelley (7.4

** A social reformer who fought for child labor laws and better working conditions for women.

**National Consumers’ League (7.4

** A consumer advocacy group that pushed for fair wages and safer working conditions.

**Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (7.4

** A 1911 factory fire in New York City that led to workplace safety reforms.

**“Square Deal” (7.4

** Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic policy focusing on consumer protection, labor rights, and antitrust regulation.

**Trust-Busting (7.4

** Government actions to break up monopolies and restore competition in the economy.

**Elkins Act 1903 (7.4

** A law prohibiting railroad rebates and strengthening regulation of the industry.

**Hepburn Act 1906 (7.4

** Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission’s power to regulate railroads.

**The Jungle (7.4

** A novel by Upton Sinclair exposing unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

**Upton Sinclair (7.4

** A muckraker whose book The Jungle led to food safety reforms.

**Pure Food and Drug Act (7.4

** A 1906 law regulating food and medicine to prevent mislabeling and contamination.

**Meat Inspection Act (7.4

** A 1906 law establishing federal meat inspections to ensure sanitary conditions.

**Conservation (7.4

** A movement advocating for the responsible use and preservation of natural resources.

**Newlands Reclamation Act (7.4

** A law funding irrigation projects in the western U.S. to promote agricultural development.

**Mann-Elkins Act 1910 (7.4

** Strengthened government regulation of telecommunication and railroad industries.

**16th Amendment (7.4

** Ratified in 1913, it established a federal income tax.

**Socialist Party (7.4

** A political party advocating for government control of industries and workers' rights.

**Eugene V. Debs (7.4

** A socialist leader and labor organizer who ran for president multiple times.

**Bull Moose Party (7.4

** A progressive political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912.

**New Nationalism (7.4

** Roosevelt’s policy calling for strong government regulation of business and social justice reforms.

**New Freedom (7.4

** Woodrow Wilson’s policy advocating for small businesses and antitrust reforms.

**Underwood Tariff (7.4

** A 1913 law that lowered tariffs and introduced an income tax.

**Federal Reserve Board (7.4

** The governing body of the Federal Reserve, regulating the U.S. banking system.

**Clayton Antitrust Act (7.4

** Strengthened antitrust laws by prohibiting monopolistic business practices.

**Federal Trade Commission (7.4

** A government agency established to prevent unfair business practices.

**Child Labor Act 1916 (7.4

** A law restricting child labor, later struck down by the Supreme Court.

**Lynchings (7.4

** The extrajudicial killing of African Americans, often by white mobs, as a tool of racial terror.

**Booker T. Washington (7.4

** A Black leader who advocated for economic self-sufficiency and vocational education over immediate civil rights.

**W.E.B. DuBois (7.4

** A Black intellectual who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate civil rights.

**National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (7.4

** A civil rights organization founded in 1909 to combat racial discrimination.

**National Urban League (7.4

** An organization promoting economic and social justice for African Americans.

**Carrie Chapman Catt (7.4

** A suffragist leader and president of NAWSA who helped secure the 19th Amendment.

**National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (7.4

** A group advocating for women's suffrage, later merged into the League of Women Voters.

**Alice Paul (7.4

** A militant suffragist who led the National Woman’s Party and pushed for the Equal Rights Amendment.

**National Woman’s Party (7.4

** A group that used protests and hunger strikes to demand women’s suffrage.

**19th Amendment (7.4

** Ratified in 1920, it granted women the right to vote.

**League of Women Voters (7.4

** An organization promoting voter education and women's political participation.

**Margaret Sanger (7.4

** A birth control activist who founded Planned Parenthood.

**Neutrality (7.5

** A U.S. policy of avoiding involvement in World War I at its outset.

**Allied Powers (7.5

** The coalition of Britain, France, Russia, and later the U.S. during World War I.

**Central Powers (7.5

** The World War I alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.

**Submarine Warfare (7.5

** Germany’s unrestricted use of U-boats, which led to U.S. involvement in World War I.

**Lusitania (7.5

** A British passenger ship sunk by Germany in 1915, killing Americans and escalating tensions.

**Sussex Pledge (7.5

** Germany’s promise to restrict submarine warfare after sinking the Sussex.

**Propaganda (7.5

** Government efforts to shape public opinion and rally support for World War I.

**Zimmerman Telegram (7.5

** A secret German message urging Mexico to join the war against the U.S., contributing to U.S. entry into World War I.

**Russian Revolution (7.5

** The 1917 overthrow of the Russian monarchy, leading to Bolshevik control and Russia’s exit from World War I.

**Bolsheviks (7.5

** A communist faction that took control of Russia in the 1917 revolution.