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Drug Absorption
Movement of drugs into the central compartment.
Bioavailability
Fraction of administered drug reaching systemic circulation.
Small Intestine
Primary site for drug absorption in humans.
Plicae Circularis
Folds in the intestine increasing surface area.
Villi
Finger-like projections enhancing intestinal absorption.
Passive Diffusion
Movement of drugs across membranes without energy.
Active Transport
Energy-dependent movement of larger drug molecules.
Physicochemical Factors
Drug properties affecting absorption rate and extent.
Gastrointestinal Transit Time
Time drugs spend in the gastrointestinal tract.
GIT pH
Acidity affecting drug dissolution and absorption.
Gastric Emptying
Rate at which stomach contents enter the intestine.
Bile Fluid
Enhances absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
Bacterial Microflora
Gut bacteria aiding in drug metabolism and absorption.
Lymphatic Absorption
Absorption route for highly lipophilic drugs.
Intestinal Drug Transporters
Proteins mediating drug uptake and efflux.
Drug Stability
Resistance to degradation in gastrointestinal environments.
Disintegration
Process of dosage form breaking into smaller particles.
Dissolution
Rate at which drug dissolves in gastrointestinal fluids.
Ionization State
Charge of a drug affecting its absorption.
Molecular Weight (MW)
Higher MW reduces drug bioavailability.
Lipophilicity
Drug's affinity for lipid environments.
Log P
Partition coefficient for neutral compounds' lipophilicity.
Log D
Distribution coefficient considering ionization at pH.
Excipients
Inactive substances aiding drug formulation and absorption.
Saquinavir
Antiretroviral requiring food for enhanced absorption.
Griseofulvin
Best absorbed with high-fat meals.
Transport Proteins
Facilitate drug movement across biological membranes.
First-Pass Metabolism
Drug metabolism occurring before systemic circulation.
Physicochemical interactions
Influence drug dissolution, stability, and bioavailability.
Enteric coating
Material allowing drug release in the small intestine.
Delayed-release component
Allows repeated action of medication over time.
Enteric polymers
Remain insoluble at low pH, dissolve at pH 5.0-5.5.
Sustained release
Delivers drug at a programmed rate over time.
pH
Measure of hydrogen ion concentration in solution.
pKa
pH where half molecules are ionized, half unionized.
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Relates pH, pKa, and ionization of weak acids/bases.
pH partition theory
Ionized and unionized drug concentrations vary by pH.
Drug-drug interactions
Altered drug response due to co-administered drugs.
Pharmacokinetic interactions
Change plasma drug concentrations affecting efficacy.
Pharmacodynamic interactions
Synergism or antagonism between co-administered drugs.
Drug-disease interactions
Drugs beneficial in one disease may harm another.
Drug-nutrient interactions
Nutrients alter drug effects and absorption.
Inhalation absorption
Fast absorption via large surface area in lungs.
Sublingual absorption
Rapid entry into circulation via superior vena cava.
Subcutaneous absorption
Influenced by drug properties and injection factors.
Intramuscular absorption
Rate affected by drug lipophilicity and muscle factors.
Intraperitoneal absorption
Absorbed into mesenteric vessels, may undergo metabolism.
Rectal absorption
Upper rectum undergoes first-pass metabolism; lower bypasses.
Transdermal absorption
Drug penetrates skin for systemic circulation.
Transepidermal pathway
Route for drug penetration through the skin.
Transappendegeal pathway
Alternative route for drug absorption via skin appendages.
Hydrophilic solutes
Transported via intracellular route in skin.
Lipophilic solutes
Diffuse through inter-cellular spaces in skin.
Aspirin pKa
Weak acid with pKa of 4.5, absorbed in stomach.
Strychnine pKa
Weak base with pKa of 9.5, absorbed in G.I. tract.