AP World Unit 5

Enlightenment A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the Enlightenment tended to focus on government

ethics

Social Contract An Enlightenment concept; an agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed; popular in the 16th-18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Natural Rights rights granted to all people by nature or God that cannot be denied or restricted by any government or individual; are often said to be granted to people by "natural law." Often discussed by Enlightenment thinker John Locke

Deism A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God

but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Liberalism A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens

representative government

Empiricism the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should

therefore

Nationalism sense of commonality based on language

religion

Feminism the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men; became popular during the Enlightenment

Mary Wollstonecraft English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women

a famous feminist document in 1792

Suffrage the right to vote in political elections

End of Serfdom Most important reform of Russian Czar Alexander II; 1861-1865

Declaration of Independence 1776 statement

issued by the Second Continental Congress

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Adopted August 26

1789

Jamaica Letter A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate.

Reign of Terror (1793-1794) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty;" led by Robespierre who tried rebels and had them executed often by guillotine

Simon Bolivar The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela

he led military forces there and in Colombia

Toussaint L'Ouverture Was an important leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery

he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797

Realpolitik practical politics

ends justified the means

Otto von Bismarck Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871

when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist

Peninsulares Spanish-born

came to Latin America; ruled

Creoles Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social

political

Industrial Revolution A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in England c. 1750

cottage industry Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory

commonly found before the Industrial Revolution; work was highly skilled and valued

factory system A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building; replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce; decreased the need for skilled labor and led to exploitation of workers

seed drill created by Jethro Tull

it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields and population growth

Spinning Jenny This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production; conceived c. 1764 by James Hargreaves

an English weaver.

crop rotation The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year

to avoid exhausting the soil; utilized during the c. 1750 time period and led to increased crop yields and growing population

Enclosure Movement consolidation and privatization of small landholdings/common lands into a smaller number of large farms in England c. 1700; contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization as farmers were displaced and needed to find work in the cities

steam engine A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

Second Industrial Revolution (1871-1914) Involved development of chemical

electrical

telegraph A device for rapid

long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Muhammad Ali Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor

but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Meiji Restoration In 1868

a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and Westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor

Adam Smith Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776

a precursor to modern capitalism.

Wealth of Nations British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade

otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

Laissez-faire economics hands off approach to economic development; the government should limit its interference in the economy

Transnational business A business that operates in several different countries but in one specific country (headquarters)

two companies include the United Fruits company and HSBC

Industrial Working Class lower class created during the 18th century with the onset of the Industrial Revolution; often experienced poor living and working conditions

middle class A social class made up of skilled workers

professionals

Urbanization An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in cities as opposed to the countryside.

Karl Marx 1818-1883. 19th century philosopher

political economist

Communism a political theory derived from Karl Marx

advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Socialism a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production

distribution

Tanzimat Reforms Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities

state postal system

Young Turks A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Self-Strengthening Movement A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese under the Qing Dynasty attempted to modernize their army and encourage Western investment in factories and railways

HSBC (Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation) HSBC was established in 1865 to finance trade between Europe and Asia. Initially founded in the British colony of Hong Kong it benefited from the opening of China to trade

including the opium trade.

Capitalism an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit

rather than by the state.

labor union An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions

wages

Proletariat Marx's term for the exploited class

the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Bourgeoisie the middle class

including merchants