Psychology Exam 3

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90 Terms

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EEG (Electroencephalogram)

A test that measures electrical activity in the brain and is used to detect and record brain wave patterns.

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NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep

Deep sleep divided into three stages (N1, N2, N3) characterized by slower brain activity and absence of rapid eye movements.

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REM Sleep

Dreaming sleep with rapid eye movements and increased brain activity.

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Sleep Cycles

Transitions between NREM and REM sleep that occur throughout the night.

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NREM Stage 1 (N1)

Light sleep characterized by theta waves, transitioning from wakefulness to sleep.

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NREM Stage 2 (N2)

Deeper sleep with sleep spindles and K-complexes.

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NREM Stage 3 (N3)

Deep sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep, characterized by delta waves.

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Restoration Theory

The concept that sleep is essential for restoring and rejuvenating the body and mind, allowing for physical and mental repair processes to occur.

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Content of Dreams

Mental experiences that occur during REM sleep, which can vary widely among individuals and range from mundane to fantastical.

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Manifest Content

The surface-level content of a dream, representing what is actually happening in the dream.

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Latent Content

The underlying, symbolic meaning of a dream, often related to unconscious desires or conflicts.

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Activation Synthesis Model

The theory that dreams are the result of random neural activity, and the brain attempts to make sense of this activity by creating a narrative.

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Behaviorism

A psychological approach that focuses on observable behaviors and assumes that behavior is learned through interactions with the environment.

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Unconditioned Stimulus


A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.

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Unconditioned Response

The automatic, unlearned response to the UCS.

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Neutral Stimulus


Initially, a stimulus that does not evoke a response.

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Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that, after conditioning, elicits a response.

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Conditioned Response

The learned response to the CS.

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Classical Conditioning

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a response.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by the consequences that follow it.

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Positive Reinforcement

Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior.

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Negative Reinforcement

Removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior.

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Shaping

Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

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Positive Punishment

Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior.

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Negative Punishment

Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.

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Primary Reinforcers


Innately reinforcing (e.g., food, water).

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Conditioned Reinforcers

Stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers.

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Imprinting

Rapid and innate learning that occurs during a critical period, often associated with attachment.

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Attachment

Emotional bond between individuals, particularly observed in parent-child relationships.

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Circadian Rhythms

Biological or psychological processes that vary over a 24-hour period, regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus.

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Melatonin

A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleepiness, with its production suppressed by bright light.

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Sleep Stages

Different stages of sleep characterized by specific brainwave patterns and physiological changes.

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Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Vivid sensory experiences that can occur during the transition from wakefulness to sleep.

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Sleep Deprivation

The state of not getting enough sleep, which can lead to impaired cognitive and physical functions.

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Memory Consolidation

The process of strengthening and stabilizing memories during sleep.

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Jet Lag

Desynchronization of circadian rhythms that can occur when traveling across time zones.

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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

The master biological clock in the hypothalamus that regulates circadian rhythms.

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Garcia & Koelling Study

A study that demonstrated taste aversion can be learned more easily with nausea-inducing stimuli, supporting the concept of biological preparedness.

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Harlow's Monkey Study

A study that emphasized the importance of contact comfort in attachment, showing that monkeys preferred a soft, comforting surrogate mother over a wire mother that provided food.

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Yawning

A behavior that may regulate arousal, and contagious yawning may relate to empathy.

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Sleep Talking

Talking that can occur during different sleep stages.

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Sleep Paralysis

A temporary condition preventing movement upon waking.

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Sleep Cycles

90-minute cycles of alternating NREM and REM sleep, with NREM stages progressing from lighter to deeper sleep and REM sleep characterized by vivid dreams and rapid eye movements.

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Psychoanalytic Model

A model that explains dreams as expressions of repressed sexual and aggressive urges (By Freud).

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Neurocognitive Model

A model that explains dreams as reflecting waking cognition and emphasizing continuity between waking and dreaming.

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Sleep Thinking

Mental activity that occurs during NREM slow-wave sleep.

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Dreams

Unfolding sequences of perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that occur during sleep, typically during REM sleep.

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PET and fMRI scans

Imaging techniques used to reveal distinct brain activity during REM sleep compared to wakefulness or NREM slow-wave sleep.

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Limbic System

A brain system involved in emotions, motivation, and memory, which shows increased activity during REM sleep.

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Dream Themes

Coherent and patterned themes that often involve everyday settings, people, activities, and events.

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Nightmares

Vivid and disturbing dreams that often awaken the sleeper and involve intense negative emotions.

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Stimulus Generalization

When stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus also elicit the conditioned response.

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Stimulus Discrimination

The learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other similar stimuli.

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Higher Order Conditioning

When a conditioned stimulus functions as an unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial.

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Extinction

The gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior.

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Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

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Demonstration in Pavlov's Laboratory

Conditioned a dog to salivate (conditioned response) to the sight of meat powder (conditioned stimulus).

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Learned Associations

Associations between stimuli and behavior that guide behavior.

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Neural Networks

Distinct networks in the amygdala that encode positive and negative associations.

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Neuronal Connections

Strengthening of neurons in response to rewarding or fear-inducing stimuli.

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Substance Abuse and Addiction

Disorders that may involve maladaptive approach behaviors to harmful stimuli.

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Phobias and Anxiety

Disorders that may involve an overactive avoidance network.

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Neural circuits

Networks of interconnected neurons that are involved in specific behaviors or functions in the brain.

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Approach and avoidance behaviors

Behaviors that involve either moving towards or moving away from a stimulus or situation.

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Psychological disorders

Mental health conditions that affect a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

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Wearable technology

Devices that can be worn on the body, such as smartwatches or fitness trackers, that collect data and provide feedback on various aspects of a person's behavior or health.

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Bad habit

A behavior that is considered undesirable or harmful.

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Good habit

A behavior that is considered beneficial or positive.

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Operant chamber (Skinner box)

A controlled environment used in behavioral experiments, typically with animals, that allows for the study of the relationship between behavior and consequences.

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Amygdala

A region of the brain involved in processing emotions and emotional responses.

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Nucleus accumbens

A region of the brain involved in reward and reinforcement.

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Continuous reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs.

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Partial reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior only sometimes or intermittently.

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Schedules of reinforcement

Different patterns of delivering reinforcement, such as fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval schedules.

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Behavior modification

The application of learning principles to change or modify behaviors in order to achieve desired outcomes.

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Cognitive maps

Mental representations of the layout or structure of familiar environments.

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Latent learning

Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement and is not immediately expressed in behavior.

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Learned helplessness

A state of passive resignation or lack of response resulting from repeated exposure to uncontrollable, aversive events.

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Cognitive factors

Mental processes and cognitive abilities that influence learning and behavior.

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Biological predispositions

Innate or genetic factors that influence an organism's ability to learn or respond to certain stimuli.

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Observational learning

Learning that occurs through observing and imitating the behaviors of others.

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Albert Bandura

A psychologist known for his research on observational learning and social cognitive theory.

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Cognitive processes

Mental processes such as attention, memory, motor skills, and motivation that are involved in observational learning.

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Learning styles

The idea that individuals have preferred ways of learning and processing information.

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Chimpanzee tribes

Groups of chimpanzees that develop unique cultures and behaviors through observational learning.

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Media influence

The impact that media, such as television, movies, or social media, can have on behavior and attitudes.

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Violent media

Media content that depicts or promotes violence.

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Critical thinking

The ability to analyze and evaluate information or arguments in a logical and rational manner.

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Positive effects of media

The beneficial or positive outcomes that can result from exposure to media content.

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