Systems of the body

Pathway of Food in Digestive System

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus.

Ingestion

Breaking down of foods in the mouth.

Digestion

Breaking down of food; includes Mechanical and Chemical digestion.

Carbohydrate Digestion

Occurs in the mouth with enzyme amylase.

Protein Digestion

Occurs in the stomach with enzyme pepsin.

Lipid Digestion

Occurs in the gallbladder with bile.

Absorption

Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine and water in the large intestine.

Liver's Role

Produces bile and maintains glucose concentration.

Pancreas's Role

Makes bicarbonate, neutralizes stomach acid, and produces digestive enzymes.

Gallbladder's Role

Holds and stores bile when there is no food in the small intestine.

Defecation

The process of excretion from the large intestine, also related to phenomena like constipation and diarrhea.

Circulatory System Loops

Systematic loop to the body, Pulmonary loop to the lungs.

Right Atrium

Receives blood from the body.

Left Atrium

Receives blood from the lungs.

Right Ventricle

Pumps blood to the lungs.

Left Ventricle

Pumps blood to the body.

Veins

Carry blood back to the heart, are thinner, and operate under low pressure.

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart, have thicker walls, and operate under high pressure.

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels where absorption occurs.

Blood Flow through Heart and Vessels

Blood enters the Left Atrium, pumped to the Left Ventricle, then goes to arteries, capillaries, veins, and back to the right atrium for oxygenation.

Innate Immune System

First and second lines of defense that are always present.

Adaptive Immune System

Third line of defense that provides specific responses.

First Line of Defense

Consists of physical barriers (skin, hair, mucus) and chemical barriers (sweat, oil).

Second Line of Defense

Includes White Blood Cells (WBCs), chemical messengers, inflammation, and fever.

Antigens

Markers that differentiate between self and invading pathogens.

Humoral Response

Third line of defense that attacks pathogens in the bloodstream, involving B-cells and antibodies.

Cell-Mediated Response

Targets viruses hiding in personal cells, involving APCs, Helper T-cells, and Killer T-cells.

Adaptive Immunity Memory Component

Memory T cells and B cells activate stronger responses upon second exposure to illness.

Primary Immune Response

Slow response to first-time invader requiring identification and production of cells.

Secondary Immune Response

Faster and stronger response due to memory cells from prior exposure.