Systems of the body

Chapter 34

1. List the pathway that food travels down the digestive system:

   1. Mouth

   2. Esophagus

   3. Stomach

   4. Small Intestine

   5. Large Intestine

   6. Rectum

   7. Anus

2. Define ingestion and where it occurs:

• Breaking down of foods in the mouth

3. Define digestion and the two types of it:

• Breaking down of food

• Mechanical and Chemical

1. Describe where macromolecules are digested, and with which chemicals

   1. Carbs are broken down in mouth with enzyme amylase

   2. Proteins are broken down in stomach with pepsin

   3. Lipids are broken down in the gallbladder with bile

1. Define absorption and where it occurs

   • Small intestine absorbs nutrients in blood stream, Large intestine absorbs water

1. Explain the roles of the three accessory organs

   1. Liver: produces bile, maintains glucose concentration (chemical salts that break down flats)

   2. Pancreas: makes bicarbonate, neutralizes the stomach, makes & breaks down much enzymes

   3. Gallbladder: holds/stores bile when theirs no food in small intestine

1. Define defecation and where it occurs: large intestine, pooping (includes constipation and diarrhea)

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Chapter 40

1. *Describe the two loops of the circulatory system

The blood goes through two times in heart and the heart has two pumps. Systematic Loop to the body, Pulmonary to the lungs

1. Describe the role of the four chambers in the heart

   1. Right Atrium: receive blood, receives blood from the body

   2. Left Atrium: receive blood, receives blood from the lungs

   3. Right Ventricle: pump blood, pushes blood to the lungs

   4. Left Ventricle: pump blood to the body

1. Contrast arteries, veins, and capillaries

   1. Veins: (freeway) carry blood BACK to the heart; thinner, low pressure

   2. Arteries: (freeway) carry blood AWAY from the heart; thicker walls, high pressure

   3. Capillaries: (streets carry to house and have trash can) smallest and thinnest blood vessels, where things are absorbed because it is small enough to slowly absorb and take in everything, thin

1. *Explain the path of blood flow through the heart and blood vessels

   1. Blood enters into the Left Atrium

   2. Pumped into the lower left ventricle which is the actual pump (valves stop blood from going backwards)

   3. Blood goes to Arteries, Capillaries, Veins (blood now is low in oxygen)

   4. Enters the pulmonary system (lungs to get oxygen) going through the right atrium then the right ventricle then to the lungs

   5. Veins carry the now oxygenated blood to the Left atrium to be pumped to the rest of the body

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Chapter 42

1.  Broadly describe the innate and adaptive immune systems

   1. Innate Immune systems: the first & second lines of defense that are always there (the wall & soldiers)

   2. Adaptive Immune systems: the third line of defense (special forces)

1. Describe the parts of the first line of defense

   1. Physical barriers: skin, hair, mucus, tears; prevent pathogens from coming in or trap stuff b4, entering

   2. Chemical barriers: sweat, oil, tears; help to dissolve or chemically remove/stop things form coming

1. Describe the parts of the second line of defense

   1. WBCs (White Blood Cells)

      1. Macrophages: cells that go around eating everything like pacman

   2. Chemical messengers:

      1. Cytokines: the alarm, tells where everything is instructed to go

      2. Interferons: disrupt the viruses lytic cycles

   3. Inflammation and fever:

      1. Fevers: try to denture proteins of viruses to kill them with heat

      2. Inflammation:

1. Define antigens: markers that tell the deference between self and invading bacteria; used to recognize what is good and what needs attacking

1. Describe the humoral response of the third line of defense, including:

   1. Humoral Response: 3rd L.O.D, attacks if pathogen is in the blood stream (see it obviously stand out as it walks down the street)

   2. B-cells: produce antibodies, part of the humoral response

   3. Antibodies: tags like sticky notes, cover the pathogen and can overwhelm it or alert macrophage where to go to kill it

1. Describe the cell-mediated response of the third line of defense, including:

   1. Cell-Mediated Response: virus is hiding in one of a personal cell and need special forces to come in and grab it

   2. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs): a cell with a piece of the pathogen on the outside to show other cells what it looks like

   3. Helper T-cells: activate B-cells to produce antibodies

   4. Killer T-cells: activated by APCs; using knowledge from APC will go and kill the infected cell directly and can tell which is good and which is bad

1. *Explain how adaptive immunity has a memory component:

• T Cells and B cells produce memory cells which activate the second time a sickness enter you're body and will be even stronger.

• It will kill faster then before, possibly before the person even realizes

1. Contrast the speed and strength of the primary vs. secondary immune responses

Primary: fighting an invader the first time, slow in that it is figuring out how to fight and has to produce the right cells and antibodies to do so

Secondary: stronger than primary as it is the second time fighting that specific invader and already knows how to attack it/has the cells to do so