Unit 6: Industrialization through Progressive Era

Transcontinental Railroad

Built to connect the East coast to the West Coast. Had a positive impact on cattle ranching and connected western settlers to the rest of the world.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Early academic historian who wrote the thesis in 1893 claiming that “the frontier is closed”

Settlement of the West

Settled with the believe of manifest destiny as white settlers moved west.

Three Waves of Settlement

Mining, Cattle Industry, Farming

Homestead Act

160 acres of land given to any person if they can increase the value of the land within a year. Caused people to move west

Dawes Act

Occurred in 1887 encouraging natives to drop cultural ways of life and adopt white lives. WOuld give 160 acres to each native man in the reservations and surplus land was given to white settlers

Wounded Knee

Occured in 1890 and is the last armed resistance of the plains tribes to government policy and to resist assimilation

Gilded Age

Period that occured from the late 1870s to the early 1900s and was a time of rapid industrialization, economic growth, and the rise of modern America.

Laissez-faire capitalism

an economic theory that advocates for minimal government intervention in the market.

Protective Tariff

post civil war tariff to generate money fast as rapid growth was promised with the tariff

Industrial Leaders

JP Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Leland Stanford, Jay Gould, Swift, Carnegie, Rockefeller

J.P. Morgan & Finance Capitalism

Finds companies and buys them by owning a majority of the shares; would get a seat on the board of directors in these companies

Andrew Carnegie & Vertical Integration

Monopoly in the steel industry and creates Vertical Integration in which he owns all of the steps in the process to sell the product for cheaper

J.D. Rockefeller & Horizontal integration

Monopoly in the oil industry and dominates the refining part of the oil industry instead of the entire operation

Revolutions in Department Stores

Revolutionized shopping in America, specifically for women as it brought more stores into one place and allowed for a broader spectrum of shopping to occur

Revolutions of Catalogs

Created Mail-order system in which people could order items from catalogs and mail them in return for their items

Revolutions of Advertising

catalogs and mail-order reaches people living in the west and ads in these catalogs aim to target these individuals.

Presidents (1877 - 1900)

Ulysses S. Grant (1873-1877), Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881), James A Garfield (1881), Chester A Arthur (1881-1885), Grover Cleveland (1885-1889), Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893), Grover Cleveland (1893-1897), William McKinley (1897-1901)

Presidential & Congressional relations

Presidents worked for the people while Congress sold out to big businesses

Interstate Commerce Act

federal law that established the first federal regulations for an industry, the railroads.

Sherman Antitrust Act

law that prohibits unfair business practices and monopolies and protects competition for consumers

Child Labor

Children worked at as young as 5 years old in harsh working conditions as school was not required and there were no child labor laws.v

Child Labor Laws

State legislatures past laws and the Keating-Owen Act of 1916 banned the sale of goods produced by child labor in interstate commerce. It also limited the hours children could work and prohibited night work.

Labor Union Goals

improve the lives of workers by getting better wages, safer working conditions, and shorter hours

Anti-Union Tactics

Blacklisting in which union organizers would be blacklisted from being hired at other factories and Lockouts in which people would refuse to higher employees unless they agreed to their terms and didn’t join a union. Yellow Dog Contracts were also used as an agreement written by an employer to an employee to permit workers from joining labor unions.

Knights of Labor

started by Terence V Powderly with the goals of inclusive labor unions, 8hr work days, safety in factories, equal pay, no child labor, and injury compensation

Terrance Powderly

founder of the Knights of Labor

Haymarket Riot

A violent confrontation between police and striking workers in Chicago in 1886 after police killed workers protesting at a factory

American Federation of Labor

Labor Union that replaces the knights of Labor with the goals of higher wages, shorter hours, and better conditions, in addition to staying out of politics

Samuel Gompers

Founder of the American Federation of Labor

Homestead Strike

a violent industrial lockout and strike when Carnegie Steel cut workers wages out locked out striking steelworkers

American Railway Union

a labor organization that United railway workers from different crafts to improve their wages, working conditions, and job security

Eugene Debs

Founder of the American Railway Union

Pullman Strike

Caused by unfair budget cuts on Railroad employees by the Pullman company.Workers lived on the railroad and were expected to pay the same for housing and supplies despite the wage cut. This caused riots and strikes all over the nation

Industrial Workers of the World

labor union founded in Chicago that wanted to create a single labor union but they opposed the AFL because they believed that all should be allowed into the union despite their gender, skill level, etc.

Muckrakers

journalists who informed the American people and wrote stories to get the attention of civilization

Jacob Riis

used photography to help gather data and to tell the stories of the problem and specifically looked at how urban factory workers and immigrant poor lived. He wrote a book titled “How the Other Half Lives”

Uptown Sinclair

Muckracker who looked at immigrant labor and the meat packing plant. Fought for regulating working conditions and wrote the book “The Jungle”

Lincoln Steffens

Muckracker that pushed for an end to the poor living conditions and wrote the book “The Shame of the Cities”

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker who went after the Standard Oil Company and Rockefeller as she believed that their business tactics were wrong and tycoons were not acceptable

Ida B. Wells

Muckraker who focused on blacks in the south and pushed for action to be taken everywhere by White Anglo Saxon Protestants

Immigration Trends (1870-1920)

Ellis island is the main immigration station for Europeans and Angel island is primarily for allowing the entrance of Asian immigrants on the west coast

Nativism

beleived that the priority should be on those who are already living here and not on immigrants

Social Darwinism

took Darwins “survival of the fittest” and used them to justify their corrupt economic and political views

Herbert Spencer

known for his doctrine of social Darwinism

‘Gospel of Wealth’

Carnegie believed in giving away his wealth to those who needed it

Andrew Carnegie

Owner of the Carnegie Steel Corporation

Omaha Platform

proposed a special taxing system for them so that they would have to pay taxes depending on how much money they made

James B. Weaver

runs as the populist party leader for the election of 1892 but does not win

Currency issue

Issue between the current gold standard in which every Bill is backed by hard currency and the silver standard because silver declines in value = creditors v debtors

Free Silver

Idea in populist party to back hard currency with silver instead of gold

Gold Standard (“sound money”)

Idea and the common practice by most of the nation as gold did not depreciate in value

William Jennings Bryan

Chosen to run for the 1896 election as the Democratic canadite and had populist ideals

Populist Party

the peoples party that fought for the farmers and not the big businesses

Election of 1896

Won by Republican McKinley and Bryan will never win a presidnecy. End of the populist party

Leaders of the Progressive Movement

George Chamberlain, Oswald West, Harry Lane, Jonathan Bourne Jr

Goals of the Progressive Movement

wanted to establish more transparent and accountable government which would work to improve U.S. society

Tendencies of the Progressive Movement

They were interested in establishing a more transparent and accountable government which would work to improve the US society

Local Reforms

Secret ballot, City manager/city commissioner plan

State Reforms

17th Ammendment, Initiative, Referendum, Recall

Federal Reforms

sherman anti-trust act, hepburn act, federal trade commission, mann-elkins act, clayton anti-trust act, federal reserve act, 16th ammendment

Progressive Constitutional Amendments (16th, 17th, 18th, 19th)

16th → gives Congress the power to levy income taxes without having to base them on population

17th → created the Senate body of 2 senators from each state for 6 years voted by the people

18th →prohibited the manufacturing,sale, transportation,importation, and exportation of alcoholic beverages for consumption within the United States

19th →guarantees that the right to vote cannot be denied or abridged by the federal or state governments based on sex

Federal Trade Commission

enforces a variety of antitrust and consumer protection laws affecting virtually every area of commerce

Clayton Ant-Trust Act

1914 law that aims to promote fair competition and prevents anticompetitive business practices

Federal Reserve Act

established the federal reserve system, the central banking system of the US

Settlement House Movement

a social reform movement that aimed to bring together the rich and poor in the both physical and social ways

Jane Addams

Represented reformers during this time period who were concerned about the problems of modern industrial society

Progressive Presidents

Teddy Roosevelt, William Taft, Woodrow Wilson

Square Deal

Teddy Roosevelt wanted to provide a fair government that would treat all citizens equally

“Trust-buster”

Name given to Teddy Roosevelt as he went after trusts even though he didn’t get rid of many

Hepburn Act

passed by Teddy Roosevelt that gave the Interstate Commerce Comission the power to regulate railroads

Conservation - National Forests

Started by Teddy Roosevelt with the goals to protect large swaths of forest from being destroyed

Pure Food & Drug Act

Signed in 1906 to prohibit the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce

Robert LaFollette

Created of the Wisconsin Idea

Wisconsin Idea

Idea with a simple principle that education should influence people’s lives beyond the boundaries of the classroom and held that an effective and accountable government worked best with the help of academic experts

Political bosses/machines

Significant figures who helped to sway election by making agreements with politicians and immigrants.

City Government Reforms

city manager/city commissioner plan

City Manager

Act that allowed the people to vote for city officials and leaders

Commissioners Plan

a method of municipal government under which a small elective commission exercises both executive and legislative powers and each commissioner directly administers one of more municipal departments