PMCOL 233 Midterm 2

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 8 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/275

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

276 Terms

1
New cards
hypochromic anemia
chronic blood loss
2
New cards
megaloblastic anemia
vit b12 or folic acid deficiency (large cells)
3
New cards
pernicious anemia
fewer cells bc of IF deficiency
4
New cards
hematinic agents
iron, folic acid, B12
5
New cards
hematopoietic GF
EPO, gcsf, gmcsf, magakaryocyte,
6
New cards
iron absorption
ferric iron ingested, ferrous iron absorbed
7
New cards
iron formualtions (oral)
ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate, polysaccharie iron complex
8
New cards
iron formualtions IV
iron dextran, sodium ferric gluconate, iron sucrose
9
New cards
iron in body
RBC contain majority of iron in Hb
10
New cards
iron side effects
GI distrubances, toxic effects
11
New cards
iron chelators usage
for iron toxicity
12
New cards
iron chelators examples
desferrioxamine, deferiprone, deferasirox
13
New cards
desferrioxamine
forms complex to excrete in urine
14
New cards
deferiprone
orally absorbed alternative to desferrioxamine
15
New cards
deferasirox
alternative but GI bleeding
16
New cards
folic acid mechanism
reduction of folic acid to FH4 and FH2 (FH4 for DNA synthesis)
17
New cards
B12 mechanism
converts methyl FH4 to FH4
18
New cards
EPO
stimulate RBC production
19
New cards
EPO mechanism
released in response to hypoxia form kidneys (10% liver) and inhbits apoptosis to prevent early cell death AND proliferation thru JAK2
20
New cards
EPO side effects
iron deficiency (cant keep up so RBC draw iron from blood), thrombosis (dialysis patients need anticoagulant), hypertension (increased hematocrit and AT2), seizures
21
New cards
aldosterone effect
increases Na reabsorption in kidney and excretes K+
22
New cards
aldosterone triggers
low Na+ increase AT II
23
New cards
loop diuretics examples
furosemide, bumetanide
24
New cards
loop diuretic mechansm
inhibit NA/K/2Cl carrier so Na+ not reabsorbed and 2Cl and K+ pee out
25
New cards
loop diuretics adverse effects
excessive loss, hypovolemia, hypoklemia, alkalosis, hypomagnesaemia, hyperuricemia, reduced renal perfusion, hearing loss, rashes, bone marrow depression, contraindicated w sulfa allergy
26
New cards
thiazides examples
bendroflumethiazide, hydrochlorothiazide
27
New cards
diuretic purpose purpose
edema, heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, hypertension
28
New cards
thiazide purpose
hypertension, mild heart failure, resistant edema, diabetes insipidus, hypertension
29
New cards
thiazide mechanism
bind Cl site of NA/Cl co transporter to stimulate natriuresis and stimulate renin secretion also reduce Ca excretion
30
New cards
thiazide adverse ffects
erectile dysfunction, hypochloremic alkalosis, impaured glucose intolerance, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, rashes
31
New cards
aldosterone antagonists examples
sprionolactone, eplernone
32
New cards
aldosterone antagonist purpose
resistant hypertension, heart failure, hyperaldosteronism, secondary aldosteronism
33
New cards
aldosterone antagonist mechanism
compete w aldosterone to inhibit Na retention and K secretion
34
New cards
aldosterone antagonist adverse effects
hyperkalemia, GI upset, gynecomastia, menstrual disorders, testicular atrophy
35
New cards
triamterene/amiloride
prevent hypokalemia, inhibit Na reabsorption,
36
New cards
triamterene/amiloride adverse effects
hyperkalemia, GI upset
37
New cards
osmotic diuretics
only water excretion
38
New cards
osmotic diuretics adverse effects
risk for precipitating left ventricular fialure, headache, nausea, vomiting
39
New cards
electrolyte disorders
important in renal failure; hypoerphosphatemia; hyperkalemia
40
New cards
antihypertensive for renal failure
ACE inhibitors and ARBs; reduce risk for major CV events
41
New cards
vit D analogues for renal failure (FYI)
used to manage secondary hyperPTH
42
New cards
diuretics in renal failure
treat edema; lower tendenct to develoop hyperkalemia; decrease blood pressure
43
New cards
potassium sparing diuretics in renal failure
should be used cautiously, hyperkalemia associated with heart failure
44
New cards
renal failure and epoeitin
often have impraied EPO levels and anemia; need treatment
45
New cards
hyperphosphatemia
increased blood phosphate levels
46
New cards
chronic kidney disease hyperphosphatemia
hallmark, big risk of CV disease
47
New cards
hyperkalemia
high blood potassium levels; more severe than phosphatemia
48
New cards
medications inducing hyperkalemia
K+ sparing diuretics, NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors
49
New cards
phosphate binding agents
prevent absorption by forming insoluble complexes in GI tract
50
New cards
aluminum hydroxide
bind phosphate in GI
51
New cards
aluminum hydroxide adverse effects
increase Al levels in dialysis patients (toxic)
52
New cards
calcium carbonate
binds phosphate in GI tract
53
New cards
calcium carbonate effects
increase calcium levels: helps hypocalcemia in CKD but may cause calcification
54
New cards
sevelamer hydrochloride
non calcium based phosphate binder; anion exhcange resin
55
New cards
sevelamer hydrochloride effects
less likely to lead to tissue calcification, lowers LDL cholestrol, GI disturbances, affects fat soluble vitamin absorption, dont use in hypophsophatemia or bowel obstruction
56
New cards
how to treat hyperkalemia
cation exchange resin to bind potassium in colon
57
New cards
sodium or calcium polystyrene sulfonate
binds K in colon in exhcange for Na or Ca
58
New cards
sodium or calcium polystyrene sulfonate and sorbitol effects
increased risk for GI, bleeding, ischemic cholitis, perfroation, constipation
59
New cards
glucose + insulin mechanism
insulin activates Na/K ATPase to move K into cells
60
New cards
salbutamol
B2 agonist linked to Na/K ATPase - causes K uptake into cells
61
New cards
desmopressin
vasopressin analogue for nocturnal enuresis in kids
62
New cards
desmopressin mechanism
acts on V1 V2 receptors to faciliate water reabsopriton
63
New cards
desmopressin adverse effects
water intoxication (hyponatremia)

hypotension when low cardiac output
64
New cards
anticholinergics for incontinence
mAChR antagonists to prevent contraction s
65
New cards
M3 selective antagonists
darifenacin, solifenacin
66
New cards
nonselective mAChR antagonists
oxybutinin, tolterodine
67
New cards
mirabegron
B3 agonist
68
New cards
mirabegron mechanism
B3 agonist in detrusor smooth muscle to induce relaxation and increase bladder capacity
69
New cards
mirabegron adverse effects
BP, bladder pain, dry mouth, headache, dizzy, less UTI likelihood
70
New cards
2 types hormonal contraceptives
combined pill, progestogen only
71
New cards
combined pill
ethinyletradiol + progestogen
72
New cards
2nd gen progestogens (3)
noresthisterone, levonorgestrel, ethynodiol
73
New cards
3rd gen progestogen (2)
desogestrel, gestodene
74
New cards
combined pill mechanism
estrogen inhbits FSH to suppress follicular deveoopment, and progestogen inhbits LH to prevent ovulation; discourages implantation
75
New cards
combined pill adverse effects
nausea, tender breasts, flushing, breakthru bleeding, dizzy, depression, acne, weight gain, thromboembolism
76
New cards
combined pill benefits
reduce ovarian/ endometrial cancer risk, decreased menstrual symptoms, reduced iron deficient anemia
77
New cards
progestogen only pill
taken daily no breaks for people who experience complications from estrogen
78
New cards
progestogen only pill mechanism
makes cervical mucus inhospitable to sperm, inhbits implantation, and alters motility/secretions of fallopian tubes
79
New cards
progestogen only pill adverse effects
irregular bleeding, less reliable,
80
New cards
emergency contraception effects
nausea and vomiting
81
New cards
levonorgestrel
emergency contraception
82
New cards
long acting progestogen only
depot medroxyprogestogen IM
83
New cards
oxytocin
nonapeptide to promote contraction- receptor expression induced by estrogen
84
New cards
oxytocin mechanism
Gq GPCR yo increase Ca2+ to activate calmodulin and stimulate MLCK
85
New cards
oxytocin adverse effects
hypotensio/ reflex tachycardia, sustained contractions reducing blood flow and O2 delivery leading to fetal death/distress, uterine rupture, antidiuretic effects
86
New cards
ergometrine
only works onrelaxed uterus to cause contraction
87
New cards
ergometrin emechanism
a- adrenoreceptors and also 5HT receptors
88
New cards
ergometrine adverse effects
vomiting by activating D2 receptors in CTZ, vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
89
New cards
mifepristone
induce medical abortion when followed by prostaglandin
90
New cards
mifepristone mechanism
antiprogestogen; compettiive anatagonist to sensitize uterus to prostaglandins
91
New cards
prostaglandins mechanism
analogs to induce myometrial contraction
92
New cards
dinoprostone, gemeprost
prostaglandin E2 analog
93
New cards
carboprost
prostaglandin F2a analog
94
New cards
atosiban
inhibit uterine motility (delay labour)
95
New cards
atosiban mechanism
competitive antagonist of oxytocin receptor; decrease IP3 decrease Ca prevent MLCK activation
96
New cards
treat infertitlity examples
clomiphene, gonadorelin, follitropin, lutropin
97
New cards
GnRH
buserelin, leuprorelin, goserelin, nafarelin
98
New cards
clomiphene mechanism
estrogen antagonist to promote gonadotropin release by inhibiting estrogen affects; promotes FSH secretion
99
New cards
infertility drugs adverse effects
flushing, vaginal dryness, bone loss
100
New cards
clomiphene adverse effect
reversible ovarian enlargement