Bio 212L Final

Plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata

Channel between cells, allows for transport of nutrients and other vital organelles

Plastids(chloroplasts)

Location of photosynthesis, abundance of chlorophyll

amyloplasts

starch biosynthesis and storage

vacuole

remove waste and maintain water balance

stomata

acts as a pore to regulate gases

guard cells

open and close stomata by pulling apart and pushing together

Trichome

hairs that protect plants from outside harms

parenchyma

location of photosynthesis and food storage; makes up most plant tissue ; loose cells

collenchyma

provides structural support and flexibility; condensed and provides stretch

sclerenchyma

small fibers that are dead and provide structural support

sclerenchyma- sclereids

mechanical support and protection(stiffness); dead; provides gritty texture

sclerenchyma fibers

provide structural support; mechanical strength; made of sclereids

tracheids

support and upward conduction of water; thin fibers; no nucleus

vessel element

conduct water; no nucleus

sieve tube member

transport organic compounds with help of companion cell : no nucleus

sieve tube plate

connection site between sieve tubes ; pores

companion cell

load and unload organic materials(sugar) into sieve tube members

phloem tissue

sieve tube member, sieve tube plate, companion cells

xylem tissue

tracheids, vessel elements, fibers

root cap

cover and protect tip of roots

region of cell division

area where cells are dividing and provides growth in length(primary growth)

region of cell elongation

provides lengthening and growth of cells and loosens plant walls

cortex

unspecialized cells located between epidermis and vascular tissue

pericycle (bundle sheath)

regulates formation of lateral roots; surrounds and protects vascular tissue

endodermis

barrier around vascular tissue that is selectively permeable

casparian strip

found within the endodermis; forces water and solutes to cross plasma membranes; regulate water flow

vascular cambium

found in woody plants; secondary growth (increasing diameter) and forming woody tissue

cork cambium

found in woody plants, secondary growth that protects vascular cambium

lenticels

Pores in bark that allow for exchange of gases

leaf primordium

group of cells that will form new leaves

apical meristem

responsible for the primary growth of roots and shoots

lateral bud

involved in secondary growth and produces shoots

pith

soft region made of parenchyma cells; transports and stores nurtrients

vascular tissue in monocot roots

rings

vascular tissue in monocot stems

scattered

vascular tissue in eudicot roots

in the center

vascular tissue in eudicot stems

rings

palisade mesophyll

primary location of photosynthesis; contains many chloroplasts and elongated cells

spongy mesophyll

allows for exchange of gases needed for photosynthesis

cuticle

protective coating covering the epidermis

gymnosperm plant

plants with needles; thick cuticle and sunken stomata

stomach

Aids in digestion by manual breakdown and secreting enzymes that assist in chemical digestion

small intestine

to absorb nutrients from food and further aids in the digestion process

large intestine

removes waste that was not digested after absorbing water and salts

liver

important in metabolization; helps to break down and balance nutrients in the blood and secretes enzymes, hormones, and bile

gallbladder

stores and secretes bile produced by the liver

spleen

controls the quantity of blood cells and protects the blood from germs

pancreas

produces enzymes that breakdown food

kidneys

filters blood and processes toxins and removes the waste in the form of urine

ureters

tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body

urinary bladder

stores urine until the muscles relax and then empties the urine out of the body

hard palate

separates the nasal cavity from the mouth and helps with swallowing and speaking with the interactions with the tongue

soft palate

closes off the nasal cavity when swallowing

esophagus

transports food from the mouth to the stomach

epiglottis

flap that folds to close off the trachea when swallowing to prevent food from going down the airway instead of the esophagus

tongue

helps move food around mouth and aids in swallowing; also helps with speech to enunciate words

thymus

serves as a defense mechanism and produces white blood cells

thyroid

produces hormones for metabolism

penis

the male organ that is used for urination to release urine and for sexual intercourse to release sperm

testes

produce sperm and testosterone

ovary

produce and store eggs and secrete female hormones

uterus

to support and nourish a fetus until birth; where a baby develops and contracts during labor

heart

circulates blood throughout the body and is responsible for blood pressure

cranial vena cava

the vein that transports blood from the upper(superior) region of the body to the heart

axillary artery

transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the upper limbs

axillary vein

transports deoxygenated blood from the upper limbs and region to the heart

common carotid artery

transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the head and neck region; supplies oxygen to the brain

internal jugular vein

transports deoxygenated blood from the neck and head region back to the heart

external jugular vein

transports deoxygenated blood from the face and scalp region back to the heart

renal vein

transports deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava back to the heart

renal artery

transports oxygenated blood from the aorta to the kidneys

caudal vena cava

transports deoxygenated blood from the lower (inferior) region of the body to the heart

abdominal aorta

transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

umbilical artery

transports deoxygenated blood from a fetus to the placenta

diaphragm

a muscle that contracts and relaxes to allow your lungs to inflate and deflate

bronchus

carries the air from the trachea to the lungs

lungs

organ where gas exchange occurs allowing oxygen to be transported to the rest of the body; responsible for breathing in and out air

trachea

carries air from the larynx to the bronchi; warms and moistens the air before getting to the lungs

larynx

protects the body from inhaling food into the trachea; allows for speech by containing the vocal cords

erythrocytes(red blood cells)

circular in shape cells that transport oxygen throughout the body

leukocytes(white blood cells)

oblong cell shape; responsible for defense mechanisms and the immune system

platelets

small circular cells that float in the blood; responsible for clotting

alveolus

location where the lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

spiracles

openings in the exoskeleton that allow for air ventilation because insets don't have lungs

tracheoles

the tubes that are in an insects body that connect to air sacs that allow an insect to breathe

operculum

the bony flap that protects gills

gills

in fish where gases are exchanged between capillaries in gill lamella and water

glial cell

cells that support neurons and create the myelin sheath

neurons

transmitters that send and receive of signals throughout the body

gray matter

center of spinal cord that contains the cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

white matter

axons wrapped in myelin sheath

cerebrum

part of brain that controls higher thinking and processing sensory information

cerebellum

part of brain that controls movement and balance

pons

part of brain that controls unconscious processes including breathing

hypothalamus

part of brain that maintains homeostasis with eating, drinking, temperature

pituitary gland

part of brain that regulates growth, metabolism, and reproductive hormones

medulla oblongata

part of brain that controls autonomic processes such as breathing and heartbeat; serves as a conduit

optic chiasm

part of brain that allows for crossing of fibers that go from the eyes to cortex; allow for signals to reach both hemispheres

olfactory bulb

part of the brain that processes information about odors from the nose