Bio 212L Final

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Biology

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119 Terms

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Plasmodesmata
Channel between cells, allows for transport of nutrients and other vital organelles
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Plastids(chloroplasts)
Location of photosynthesis, abundance of chlorophyll
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amyloplasts
starch biosynthesis and storage
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vacuole
remove waste and maintain water balance
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stomata
acts as a pore to regulate gases
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guard cells
open and close stomata by pulling apart and pushing together
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Trichome
hairs that protect plants from outside harms
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parenchyma
location of photosynthesis and food storage; makes up most plant tissue ; loose cells
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collenchyma
provides structural support and flexibility; condensed and provides stretch
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sclerenchyma
small fibers that are dead and provide structural support
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sclerenchyma- sclereids
mechanical support and protection(stiffness); dead; provides gritty texture
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sclerenchyma fibers
provide structural support; mechanical strength; made of sclereids
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tracheids
support and upward conduction of water; thin fibers; no nucleus
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vessel element
conduct water; no nucleus
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sieve tube member
transport organic compounds with help of companion cell : no nucleus
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sieve tube plate
connection site between sieve tubes ; pores
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companion cell
load and unload organic materials(sugar) into sieve tube members
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phloem tissue
sieve tube member, sieve tube plate, companion cells
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xylem tissue
tracheids, vessel elements, fibers
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root cap
cover and protect tip of roots
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region of cell division
area where cells are dividing and provides growth in length(primary growth)
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region of cell elongation
provides lengthening and growth of cells and loosens plant walls
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cortex
unspecialized cells located between epidermis and vascular tissue
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pericycle (bundle sheath)
regulates formation of lateral roots; surrounds and protects vascular tissue
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endodermis
barrier around vascular tissue that is selectively permeable
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casparian strip
found within the endodermis; forces water and solutes to cross plasma membranes; regulate water flow
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vascular cambium
found in woody plants; secondary growth (increasing diameter) and forming woody tissue
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cork cambium
found in woody plants, secondary growth that protects vascular cambium
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lenticels
Pores in bark that allow for exchange of gases
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leaf primordium
group of cells that will form new leaves
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apical meristem
responsible for the primary growth of roots and shoots
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lateral bud
involved in secondary growth and produces shoots
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pith
soft region made of parenchyma cells; transports and stores nurtrients
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vascular tissue in monocot roots
rings
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vascular tissue in monocot stems
scattered
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vascular tissue in eudicot roots
in the center
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vascular tissue in eudicot stems
rings
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palisade mesophyll
primary location of photosynthesis; contains many chloroplasts and elongated cells
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spongy mesophyll
allows for exchange of gases needed for photosynthesis
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cuticle
protective coating covering the epidermis
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gymnosperm plant
plants with needles; thick cuticle and sunken stomata
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stomach
Aids in digestion by manual breakdown and secreting enzymes that assist in chemical digestion
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small intestine
to absorb nutrients from food and further aids in the digestion process
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large intestine
removes waste that was not digested after absorbing water and salts
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liver
important in metabolization; helps to break down and balance nutrients in the blood and secretes enzymes, hormones, and bile
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gallbladder
stores and secretes bile produced by the liver
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spleen
controls the quantity of blood cells and protects the blood from germs
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pancreas
produces enzymes that breakdown food
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kidneys
filters blood and processes toxins and removes the waste in the form of urine
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ureters
tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
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urethra
tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body
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urinary bladder
stores urine until the muscles relax and then empties the urine out of the body
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hard palate
separates the nasal cavity from the mouth and helps with swallowing and speaking with the interactions with the tongue
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soft palate
closes off the nasal cavity when swallowing
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esophagus
transports food from the mouth to the stomach
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epiglottis
flap that folds to close off the trachea when swallowing to prevent food from going down the airway instead of the esophagus
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tongue
helps move food around mouth and aids in swallowing; also helps with speech to enunciate words
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thymus
serves as a defense mechanism and produces white blood cells
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thyroid
produces hormones for metabolism
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penis
the male organ that is used for urination to release urine and for sexual intercourse to release sperm
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testes
produce sperm and testosterone
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ovary
produce and store eggs and secrete female hormones
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uterus
to support and nourish a fetus until birth; where a baby develops and contracts during labor
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heart
circulates blood throughout the body and is responsible for blood pressure
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cranial vena cava
the vein that transports blood from the upper(superior) region of the body to the heart
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axillary artery
transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the upper limbs
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axillary vein
transports deoxygenated blood from the upper limbs and region to the heart
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common carotid artery
transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the head and neck region; supplies oxygen to the brain
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internal jugular vein
transports deoxygenated blood from the neck and head region back to the heart
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external jugular vein
transports deoxygenated blood from the face and scalp region back to the heart
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renal vein
transports deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava back to the heart
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renal artery
transports oxygenated blood from the aorta to the kidneys
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caudal vena cava
transports deoxygenated blood from the lower (inferior) region of the body to the heart
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abdominal aorta
transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
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umbilical artery
transports deoxygenated blood from a fetus to the placenta
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diaphragm
a muscle that contracts and relaxes to allow your lungs to inflate and deflate
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bronchus
carries the air from the trachea to the lungs
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lungs
organ where gas exchange occurs allowing oxygen to be transported to the rest of the body; responsible for breathing in and out air
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trachea
carries air from the larynx to the bronchi; warms and moistens the air before getting to the lungs
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larynx
protects the body from inhaling food into the trachea; allows for speech by containing the vocal cords
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erythrocytes(red blood cells)
circular in shape cells that transport oxygen throughout the body
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leukocytes(white blood cells)
oblong cell shape; responsible for defense mechanisms and the immune system
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platelets
small circular cells that float in the blood; responsible for clotting
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alveolus
location where the lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
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spiracles
openings in the exoskeleton that allow for air ventilation because insets don't have lungs
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tracheoles
the tubes that are in an insects body that connect to air sacs that allow an insect to breathe
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operculum
the bony flap that protects gills
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gills
in fish where gases are exchanged between capillaries in gill lamella and water
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glial cell
cells that support neurons and create the myelin sheath
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neurons
transmitters that send and receive of signals throughout the body
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gray matter
center of spinal cord that contains the cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons
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white matter
axons wrapped in myelin sheath
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cerebrum
part of brain that controls higher thinking and processing sensory information
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cerebellum
part of brain that controls movement and balance
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pons
part of brain that controls unconscious processes including breathing
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hypothalamus
part of brain that maintains homeostasis with eating, drinking, temperature
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pituitary gland
part of brain that regulates growth, metabolism, and reproductive hormones
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medulla oblongata
part of brain that controls autonomic processes such as breathing and heartbeat; serves as a conduit
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optic chiasm
part of brain that allows for crossing of fibers that go from the eyes to cortex; allow for signals to reach both hemispheres
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olfactory bulb
part of the brain that processes information about odors from the nose