Bio 212L Final

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Plasmodesmata

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Plasmodesmata

Channel between cells, allows for transport of nutrients and other vital organelles

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Plastids(chloroplasts)

Location of photosynthesis, abundance of chlorophyll

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amyloplasts

starch biosynthesis and storage

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vacuole

remove waste and maintain water balance

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stomata

acts as a pore to regulate gases

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guard cells

open and close stomata by pulling apart and pushing together

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Trichome

hairs that protect plants from outside harms

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parenchyma

location of photosynthesis and food storage; makes up most plant tissue ; loose cells

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collenchyma

provides structural support and flexibility; condensed and provides stretch

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sclerenchyma

small fibers that are dead and provide structural support

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sclerenchyma- sclereids

mechanical support and protection(stiffness); dead; provides gritty texture

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sclerenchyma fibers

provide structural support; mechanical strength; made of sclereids

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tracheids

support and upward conduction of water; thin fibers; no nucleus

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vessel element

conduct water; no nucleus

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sieve tube member

transport organic compounds with help of companion cell : no nucleus

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sieve tube plate

connection site between sieve tubes ; pores

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companion cell

load and unload organic materials(sugar) into sieve tube members

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phloem tissue

sieve tube member, sieve tube plate, companion cells

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xylem tissue

tracheids, vessel elements, fibers

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root cap

cover and protect tip of roots

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region of cell division

area where cells are dividing and provides growth in length(primary growth)

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region of cell elongation

provides lengthening and growth of cells and loosens plant walls

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cortex

unspecialized cells located between epidermis and vascular tissue

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pericycle (bundle sheath)

regulates formation of lateral roots; surrounds and protects vascular tissue

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endodermis

barrier around vascular tissue that is selectively permeable

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casparian strip

found within the endodermis; forces water and solutes to cross plasma membranes; regulate water flow

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vascular cambium

found in woody plants; secondary growth (increasing diameter) and forming woody tissue

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cork cambium

found in woody plants, secondary growth that protects vascular cambium

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lenticels

Pores in bark that allow for exchange of gases

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leaf primordium

group of cells that will form new leaves

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apical meristem

responsible for the primary growth of roots and shoots

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lateral bud

involved in secondary growth and produces shoots

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pith

soft region made of parenchyma cells; transports and stores nurtrients

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vascular tissue in monocot roots

rings

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vascular tissue in monocot stems

scattered

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vascular tissue in eudicot roots

in the center

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vascular tissue in eudicot stems

rings

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palisade mesophyll

primary location of photosynthesis; contains many chloroplasts and elongated cells

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spongy mesophyll

allows for exchange of gases needed for photosynthesis

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cuticle

protective coating covering the epidermis

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gymnosperm plant

plants with needles; thick cuticle and sunken stomata

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stomach

Aids in digestion by manual breakdown and secreting enzymes that assist in chemical digestion

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small intestine

to absorb nutrients from food and further aids in the digestion process

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large intestine

removes waste that was not digested after absorbing water and salts

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liver

important in metabolization; helps to break down and balance nutrients in the blood and secretes enzymes, hormones, and bile

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gallbladder

stores and secretes bile produced by the liver

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spleen

controls the quantity of blood cells and protects the blood from germs

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pancreas

produces enzymes that breakdown food

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kidneys

filters blood and processes toxins and removes the waste in the form of urine

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ureters

tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body

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urinary bladder

stores urine until the muscles relax and then empties the urine out of the body

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hard palate

separates the nasal cavity from the mouth and helps with swallowing and speaking with the interactions with the tongue

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soft palate

closes off the nasal cavity when swallowing

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esophagus

transports food from the mouth to the stomach

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epiglottis

flap that folds to close off the trachea when swallowing to prevent food from going down the airway instead of the esophagus

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tongue

helps move food around mouth and aids in swallowing; also helps with speech to enunciate words

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thymus

serves as a defense mechanism and produces white blood cells

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thyroid

produces hormones for metabolism

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penis

the male organ that is used for urination to release urine and for sexual intercourse to release sperm

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testes

produce sperm and testosterone

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ovary

produce and store eggs and secrete female hormones

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uterus

to support and nourish a fetus until birth; where a baby develops and contracts during labor

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heart

circulates blood throughout the body and is responsible for blood pressure

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cranial vena cava

the vein that transports blood from the upper(superior) region of the body to the heart

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axillary artery

transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the upper limbs

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axillary vein

transports deoxygenated blood from the upper limbs and region to the heart

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common carotid artery

transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the head and neck region; supplies oxygen to the brain

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internal jugular vein

transports deoxygenated blood from the neck and head region back to the heart

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external jugular vein

transports deoxygenated blood from the face and scalp region back to the heart

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renal vein

transports deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava back to the heart

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renal artery

transports oxygenated blood from the aorta to the kidneys

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caudal vena cava

transports deoxygenated blood from the lower (inferior) region of the body to the heart

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abdominal aorta

transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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umbilical artery

transports deoxygenated blood from a fetus to the placenta

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diaphragm

a muscle that contracts and relaxes to allow your lungs to inflate and deflate

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bronchus

carries the air from the trachea to the lungs

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lungs

organ where gas exchange occurs allowing oxygen to be transported to the rest of the body; responsible for breathing in and out air

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trachea

carries air from the larynx to the bronchi; warms and moistens the air before getting to the lungs

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larynx

protects the body from inhaling food into the trachea; allows for speech by containing the vocal cords

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erythrocytes(red blood cells)

circular in shape cells that transport oxygen throughout the body

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leukocytes(white blood cells)

oblong cell shape; responsible for defense mechanisms and the immune system

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platelets

small circular cells that float in the blood; responsible for clotting

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alveolus

location where the lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

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