psych exam 2 flashcards set 2

DID

A person exhibits two or more alternating personalities.

Depression

Needs to happen for 2 or more weeks, characterized by depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interests.

What is often referred to as the common cold of psychological disorders?

Depression.

Mania

Elevated mood or behavior and activity; usually does not occur by itself and is often associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder

A disorder where a person alternates between depression and manic episodes.

Schizophrenia

A severe disorder characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, as well as disturbed perceptions.

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

The presence of inappropriate cognitions or behaviors, such as hallucinations and disorganized thinking.

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

The absence of appropriate behaviors, such as flat affect and a rigid body.

Disorganized and delusional thinking occurs due to _____.

Selective attention failure.

Schizophrenia is classified as a(n) _____.

Disease.

High dopamine levels are associated with which symptoms of schizophrenia?

Positive symptoms.

Low dopamine levels are associated with which symptoms of schizophrenia?

Negative symptoms.

Cluster A personality disorders

Odd, bizarre, eccentric behaviors; often associated with schizophrenia.

Cluster B personality disorders

Dramatic, emotional, erratic behaviors, including antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.

Cluster C personality disorders

Anxious, fearful behaviors.

Avoidant personality disorder

Characterized by feelings of social inhibition and inadequacy.

Dependent personality disorder

A pervasive psychological need to be cared for by others.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Involves rigid conformity to rules, perfectionism, and control.

Antisocial personality disorder

Disregard for the rights of others, characterized by lack of empathy and manipulative behavior.

Borderline personality disorder

Characterized by abrupt mood swings and instability in relationships, self-image, identity, and behavior.

Histrionic personality disorder

Attention-seeking with excessive emotions; may engage in sexual behavior to gain attention.

Narcissistic personality disorder

Pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

Psychoanalysis

The first form of psychotherapy, developed by Freud, aimed at bringing repressed feelings into conscious awareness.

Freud believed psychological problems originated from _____.

Repressed impulses and conflicts in childhood.

Psychoanalysis method

Free association, where the patient speaks freely to uncover repressed feelings.

Humanistic therapy

Aims to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Behavior therapy

Applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors.

Exposure therapy

A form of behavior therapy for phobias that involves repeated exposure to feared stimuli.

Aversive therapy

A behavior therapy technique that associates an unpleasant state with unwanted behavior.

Cognitive therapy

Focuses on changing negative thought patterns to treat depression.

Group therapy

Involves a group of 6-9 people, typically lasting 90 minutes, and is a cost-effective treatment.

Drug therapy

Involves the use of medications to treat various psychological disorders.

Treatment for depression includes _____.

Behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy, and drug therapy.

Anxiety disorder treatment options include _____.

Drugs and therapy for anxious emotions.

Phobia treatment

Typically involves exposure therapy.

OCD treatment options include _____.

Exposure and response prevention, cognitive therapy, and drug therapy.

Schizophrenia treatment primarily involves _____.

Drug therapy.

Encoding (automatic processing)

Automatic, like recalling the route to your school from home.

Encoding (effortful processing)

Requires attention and leads to durable, accessible memories.

Rehearsal

Repetition of information to enhance retention.

Serial position effect

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better.

Saliency effect

The enhanced encoding of items that stand out visually or semantically.

Chunking effect

Organizing information into meaningful units to aid memory.

Spacing effect

Rehearsing information over time leads to better retention.

Sensory memory

A snapshot memory with a large capacity but very short duration.

Working memory

Limited capacity memory, also known as short-term memory.

Long-term memory

Unlimited capacity memory that can decay over time.

Without rehearsal, working memory will _____.

Decay.

Episodic memory

Memory about specific events in time.

Semantic memory

Memory concerning facts and concepts.

Autobiographical memory

Similar to episodic memory but pertains only to oneself.

Recognition retrieval

Identifying an item among others, such as in multiple-choice questions.

Recall retrieval

Retrieving information using effort, as in fill-in-the-blank questions.

Relearning retrieval

Shows how much time or effort is saved when learning material a second time.

Priming

The retrieval of a memory from a web of associations.

Context effect

Improved recall when questions are asked in the same place as the study location.

Mood and memory

You learn better when you are sad or neutral, but not when happy.

Retroactive forgetting

Newly recalled information interferes with the recall of previously learned information.

Proactive forgetting

Old memories interfere with the ability to encode and retrieve new information.

Misinformation effect

Providing misinformation that results in exaggerated answers.

Memory implantation

Implanting memories into older memories, potentially leading to unethical outcomes.