psych exam 2 flashcards set 2

DID: person exhibits two or more alternating personalities

depression: needs to happen for 2 or more weeks, depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interests

Depression is: the common cold of psychological disorders

mania: elevated mood or behavior and activity. usually dosen’t occur by itself, with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder: person alternates between depression and manic episode

Schizophrenia: severe disorder, characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions

Schizophrenia (positive symptoms): the presence of inappropriate cognitions or behaviors (common with acute pts). Hallucinations, disorganized or delusional thinking and talking, and wrong actions (lack of empathy, laughing when not supposed to)

Schizophrenia (negative symptoms): the absence of appropriate behaviors (common among long-term pts, especially those without proper treatment). Flat affect, aka expressionless face, and rigid body

Disorganized and delusional thinking: occurs bc of selective attention failure

Schizophrenia is a(n): disease

High dopamine levels: positive symptoms

Low dopamine levels: negetive symptpms

Personality disorders (cluster A): (Odd, bizarre, exxentric) ofter associated with schiz. Have a greater grasp of reality than schiz ppl.

Personality disorders (cluster B): (dramatic, emotional, erratic) Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narsissistic personality

Personality disorders (cluster C): (anxious, fearful)

Cluster c (Avoidant personality: feeling of docial inhibitiion and indequacy. extreme sensitivity or neg evaluation

Cluster c (Dependent persocality): pervasive psychological need to be cared for by others

Cluster c (obsessive-compulsive): rigid conformity to the rules, perfectionist, control to;; satisfied and exclusion of activities nad friendships

Antisocial personality: disregard for violation of the rithts of others, lack of empathy,blolated self image, manipulative and impulsive behavior.

boredeline personality: abrupt mood swings, instability in relationships, self-image, identity, beavior and affect ofter leading to self harm and impulsivity. MOST COMMON.

Histrionic personality: attention seeking nad excessive emotions. need to be the center of attention. Will be sexual just to get attention. Speach impressionistic and lack in details. (pick me)

Narcissistic personality: Carti. Pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need admiation, lack empathy. Belive they are superior. lack empathy. (carti)

Psychoanalysis: first form of psychotherapy to emerge by Freud.

frued belives psycho problems: originated from repressed impulses and conflicts in childhood. Aim to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the pts can deal with them.

Psychoanalysis method: free association. the pts lies on a couch and speak wahtever comes to mind. During this, pt edits thoughts to resist feelings and to express emotions. This resistance becomes important in the analysis of conflict-driven anxiety.

Humanistic therapy: aims to bppst self-fulfillment by helping ppl grow in self-awareness and self acceptance. ACTIVE LISTENING.

Behavior therapy: Applies to learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. treat PHOBIAS and ADDICTION

Behavior therapy (exposure): for phobias. expose pts to things they fear and avoid. repeated exposure = anxiety lessens.

Behavior therapy (aversive): for addiction. associated an unpleasent state with an unwanted behavior

Cognitive therapy: For depression. Pts belive they can never be happy, making minor failings in life major causes for their depression. Has them report positive events and how they contributed to these events

Group therapy: consists of 6-9 ppl, 90 min sesh, cheap and connective.

Drug therapy: use of drugs, placebo effect may occur

Depression treatmen: Behavior therapy: Environment effects; triggers, Cognitive therapy: Cognitive triad (Beck), Interpersonal therapy: Social isolation reduction and relationship networks expansion, Drug therapy: Antidepressants

Anxiety disorder treatment: Drugs and therapy (behavior for anxious emotions, cognitive targets tendency to worry)

Phobia treatment: exposure therapy

OCD treatment: exposure and response prevention, cognitive therapy, drug therapy

Schizophrenia treatment: Drug therapy

Encoding (automatic processing): automatic, like route to your school from home. Space, time, and frequency.

Encoding (effortful processing): Need attention, leads to durable and accessible memories.

Rehearsal: repetition, Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal using nonsense syllables.

Serial position effect: primacy(encoding eh first itmeam better) and recency(encoding the last iteams better)

Saleincy effect: encoding the iteams that stand out visually or semantically

Chucking effect: orginizing infor in meaningful units

Spacing effect: rehearsing over time, spreading of info, retains information better.

Sensory memory: snapshot memory, very larfe capacity, very shhort duration (varies for diffrent senses, hearing is the longest)

Working memory: limited capacity, highly efficient (aka short term)

Long-term memory: unlimited capacity, with memory decay

With no rehearsal: working memory decay

Episodic memory: memory about events (in time)

Semantic memory: memory about fact, concepts

Autobiographical memory: similar to episodic memory, but only pertains to self

Retrival (recognition): identify an iteam amongst others, ex is multiple choice question

Retrival (recal): retrive infor using effort, ex is fill in the blank test question

Retrival (relearning): shpw how much time (or effort) is saved when leaning maerial a second time

Priming: the retrieve a memory froma web of associations. ex is hearing “rabbit” imagining a rabit

Contect effect: recal more if asked questions in a place you already studied at or heard the answer to the question before.

Mood and meory: you learn better when your sad or neutral, NOT happy

Forgetting (Retroactive): Newly recalled info interferes with recall of previously learned info. Sleep prevents retroactive infrence.

Forgetting (proactive): Old memories interfere with ability to encode and retrieve new info. Studying first thing in the morning minimizes proactive interfeerence.

misinformation: Giving misinformation to give a more exaggerated answer

Memory implantation: implanting memories in older memories is easy. can lead to psychic driving (unethical) depending on the persons motive