Anatomy and Physiology Unit 2 Quiz

Parts of the Cell, Mitosis, Cell Cycle, Microscopes

prokaryotic cell

simple single cell organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound cells; contains cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA; bacteria cells

eukaryotic cell

a complex cell organism that contains organelles to perform functions; animal, plant, and fungi cells

cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments that give cell structure and support its shape

centrioles

cylindrical structures that direct chromosomes during mitosis; coordinate cell division

cilia

long, slender extensions of plasma membrane that can move independently

flagella

very long extensions of plasma membrane that can move independently

difference between cilia and flagella

cilia move in a back and forth or like rowing motion to sweep fluids or move the cells, while flagella move in a wave-like or propeller- like motion to to propel the entire cell (mostly sperm cells)

Cell Theory

1) All living things are made up of cells

2) Cells are the basic units of structure and function of things

3) New cells are produced from existing cells

levels of organization in the body

cells, tissues, organs, (organ) systems, organism

microfilaments

(in cytoskeleton) made up of protein called actin, provide structure

microtubules

(in cytoskeleton) hollow structures made up of proteins called tubulins

micovilli

fingerlike extensions that increase the surface area

ribosomes

tiny particles made of RNA that build protein

rough endoplasmic reticulum

network of membranes covered in ribosome, protein factor

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

membranes with no ribosomes that build lipids and carbohydrates

golgi apparatus

flattened discs of membrane that package proteins in vesicle

secretory vesicles

contain material to be released outside the cell via exocytosis

lysomes

digestive enzymes that break down worn cell parts, bacteria, or virsuses

perioxsomes

smaller than lysomes; digest fatty acids and amino acids

nucleus

contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) organized into chromosomes, regulates cell growth

What is mitosis used for?

used for cell reproduction, tissue repair, healing

mitosis

process of eukaryotic cell division; results in two identical cells and used for growth, repair, asexual reproduction in somatic cells

meiosis

cell division that creates sex cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, allowing for sexual reproduction and genetic variation

cytokinesis

final division of cytoplasm (in plant cells, a cell plate forms instead of the pinching that separates the cytoplasm)

prophase

the chromosomes become visible, centrioles take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus

metaphase

the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

anaphase

the chromosomes separate and begin to move to opposite sides of the cell

telophase

a nuclear envelop re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes, the nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus

interphase

includes the G1, S, and G2 stage of cell cycle

What happens to DNA during mitosis?

The DNA condenses into chromosomes (humans have 46 chromosomes; paired to make 23 pairs of chromosomes)

How to tell when cell is in interphase?

When DNA is in the form of chromatin, which is spread out and NOT YET condensed into visible chromosomes. (prior to mitosis)

What phase does interphase not include in the cell cycle?

The M phase

G1

cell growth and normal function

S

DNA replication

G2

further growth and preparation of division

M

where mitosis occurs (PMAT) and cytokinesis where cytoplasm divides into 2

What type of cell division in prokaryotic cells?

binary fission occurs where cell replicated DNA, elongates it, then splits into two genetically identical daughter cells

coarse knob

used to help microscope focus

Which is lower: scanning or low power?

scanning power (40x)

fine adjustment knob

used to adjust the microscope to focus when it is put in high power (400x)

stage

where you place the specimen label/specimen glass sheet

objective

different magnification levels on microscope

steroscopes

diploid cell

contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent

the variable N

used to describe some # of chromosomes in a eukaryotic species

apoptosis

programmed cell death, a genetically controlled process that systematically eliminates unwanted, damaged, or old cells in multicellular organisms without causing inflammation