History of architecture mid-term part1

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Koilon/Cavea

2. Orchestra

3. Gangway/Diazoma

4. Aisles/Stairways

5. Proskenion/Proscenium

6. Skene/Scene

7. Parodos (pl.: Parodoi)

8. Ramp

Epidaurus, Theatre

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Opisthodomos;

2. Naos/Cella;

3. Pronaos;

4. Stylobate (the step on which the columns stand);

5. Anta;

6. Intercolumnation;

7. Interaxis;

8. Peristyle.

Plan of a typical peripteral temple

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Anta;

2. Double Anta;

3. Tholos;

4 Prostyle;

5. Amphiprostyle;

6. Pronaos;

7. Naos/Cella;

8. Peristyle.

5 Types of Greek temples

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Dipteral;

2 Peripteral;

3 Pseudoperipteral;

4 Pseudodipteral;

5. Opisthodomos;

6. Pronaos;

7. Naos/Cella;

8. Crepidoma (the three steps on which the temple stands).

4 Types of Greek temples

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Frons Scaenae

2. Proscenium

3. Cavea

4. Vomitoria

5. Gangway/Diazoma

6. Orchestra

7. Theatermotiv

8. Scaena/Scene

Rome, Theatre of Marcellus

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Pedestal

2. Column

3. Protruding entablature

4. Cornice

5. AEic

6. Keystone

7. Medallion

8. Archivolt

Rome, Arch of Constantine

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Temple

2. Coclide column

3. Basilica

4. Tabernae/Shops

5. Exedra

6. Triumphal arch

7. Library

8. Apse

Rome, Forum of Trajan

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Vestibule/Vestibulum

2. Entrance corridor/Fauces

3. Taberna (pl.: Tabernas)

4. Cubiculum (pl.: Cubicula)

5. Tablinum

6. Impluvium

7. Ala (pl.: Alae)

8. Hortus/Garden

Domus with atrium

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Vestibule/Vestibulum

2. Entrance corridor/Fauces

3. Atrium

4. Cubiculum (pl.: Cubicula)

5. Tablinum

6. Impluvium

7. Ala (pl.: Alae)

8. Colonnaded Courtyard//Peristyle

Domus with atrium and peristyle

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Cavea

2. Imperial box

3. Spina

4. Meta

5. Tabernae

6. Prisons/Carceres

7. Tower

8. Front arch

Reconstruction of a Roman circus

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Entrance

2. Natatio/Swimming pool

3. Frigidarium

4. Tepidarium

5. Calidarium/Caldarium

6. Exedra

7. Palestra (pl.: Palestrae)

8. Garden

Rome, Baths of Diocletian

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Vomitoria;

2. Arena;

3. Cavea;

4. Barrel vault;

5. Attic;

6. Pilaster;

7. Half column;

8. Theatermotiv.

Rome, Colosseum Rome, Coliseum

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Main Cardo

2. Main Decumanus

3. City walls

4. Circus

5. Forum

6. City gate

7. Amphitheatre

8. Centuriation

Milan, a Roman ancient colony

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Apse

2. Transept

3. Columns

4. Aisles

5. Nave

6. Narthex

7. Portico

8. Atrium

Rome, Basilica of San Pietro

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Barrel vault;

2. Crypt;

3. Dome;

4. Clerestory;

5. Niches;

6. Ambulatory;

7. Twin columns;

8 Narthex.

Rome, Santa Costanza

write the right words corresponding to what the arrows are indicating

1. Ambulatory;

2. Anastasis;

3. Courtyard;

4. Apse;

5. Aisles;

6. Nave;

7. Narthex;

8. Atrium.

Jerusalem, the Early Chistian Basilica of the Martyrium and the Anastasis

Draw the plan of Athens,Parthenon

Draw the plan of Athens, Temple of Athena Nike

Draw the plan of Athens, Propylaea

Draw the plan of Olympia, Temple of Zeus

Draw the plan of Rome, Pantheon

Draw the plan of Rome, Basilica of Maxentius

Draw the plan of Rome, Temple of Portunus or Fortuna Virilis

Draw the plan of Split, Mausoleum of Emperor Diocletian

Draw the plan of Rome, the basilica Julia once in the ancient forum of Rome

Draw the plan of Istanbul, Hagia Sophia

Draw the plan of Ravenna, Sant’Apollinare in Classe

Draw the plan of Istanbul, the church of Saints Sergios and Bacchos (little Hagia Sophia)

Draw the plan of Ravenna, San Vitale

Draw the plan of Aachen, Palatine chapel

Draw the plan of Hildesheim, Saint Michael

Question 3

- What is a “baluster”?

Baluster: Small vertical support forming part of a balustrade.

Question 3

- What is a “basilica”?

Basilica: Large rectangular hall used in antiquity for law and commerce.

Question 3

- What is a “bouleuterion”?

Bouleuterion: Building for the city council in a Greek polis.

Question 3

- What is a “caryatid”?

Caryatid: Sculpted female figure used as a column.

Question 3

- What is an “entasis”?

Entasis: Slight swelling of a column shaft to correct optical illusion

Question 3

- What is a “fluting”?

Fluting: Vertical grooves carved into a column shaft.

Question 3

- What is a “gymnasium”?

Gymnasium: Complex for education, athletics, and training in Greek cities.

Question 3

- What is a “herm”?

Herm: Rectangular pillar with a head (often Hermes), used as boundary marker.

Question 3

- What is a “loggia”?

Loggia: Roofed gallery open on one or more sides.

Question 3

- What is a “lunette”?

Lunette: Semi-circular wall or opening under an arch or vault.

Question 3

- What is a “mausoleum”?

Mausoleum: Monumental otia—sorry—tomb for an important person.

Question 3

- What is a “stadium”?

Stadium: Long open structure for athletic competitions.

Question 3

- What is a “stoa”?

Stoa: Covered colonnaded portico used for public activities.

Question 3

- What is a “telamon”?

Telamon: Sculpted male figure used as a column (also called atlas).

Question 3

- What is a “tholos”?

Tholos: Circular building, often with religious or symbolic function.

Question 3

- What is an “aedicule”?

Aedicule: Small shrine-like structure with columns and pediment.

Question 3

- What is an “apse”?

Apse: Semi-circular or polygonal recess, usually at the end of a basilica or church.

Question 3

- What is an “atrium”?

Atrium: Central open space of a Roman house.

Question 3

- What is a “barrel vault”?

Barrel vault: Continuous vault formed by a series of arches.

Question 3

- What is a “circus”?

Circus: Large elongated structure for chariot races

Question 3

- What is a “clypeus”?

Clypeus: Circular shield, often used as decorative relief.

Question 3

- What is a “coclide column”?

Coclide column: Column containing a spiral staircase inside.

Question 3

- What is a “diocletian window”?

Diocletian window: Large triple-arched window, typical of Late Roman architecture.

Question 3

- What is an “insula”?

Insula: Roman apartment building.

Question 3

- What is a “modillion”?

Modillion: Decorative bracket under a cornice.

Question 3

- What is a “pilaster”?

Pilaster: Flattened column attached to a wall.

Question 3

- What is the “rustication”?

Rustication: Masonry with rough, emphasized joints

Question 3

- What is a “syriac arch”?

Syriac arch: Flat or slightly curved arch typical of Eastern architecture.

Question 3

- What are the “tabernae”?

Tabernae: Small shops or workshops, often opening onto streets or forums.

Question 3

- What is the “theatermotiv”?

Theatermotiv: Architectural façade with superimposed orders, derived from theater stage buildings.

Question 4

- List four ancient Greek temples, specifying their names and places

Four ancient Greek temples (name + place)

• Parthenon – Athens

• Temple of Zeus – Olympia

• Temple of Apollo – Delphi

• Temple of Hera – Paestum

Question 4

- List four buildings located on the Acropolis of Athens

Four buildings on the Acropolis of Athens

• Parthenon

• Erechtheion

• Propylaea

• Temple of Athena Nike

Question 4

- List four buildings located in the ancient republican forum of Rome (not in the Imperial fora)

Four buildings in the Republican Forum of Rome

• Temple of Saturn

• Curia Hostilia

• Basilica Aemilia

• Temple of Castor and Pollux

Question 4

- List four buildings located in the Imperial fora in Rome (not in the ancient republican forum)

Four buildings in the Imperial Fora (not Republican Forum)

• Forum of Augustus – Temple of Mars Ultor

• Forum of Trajan – Basilica Ulpia

• Forum of Nerva – Temple of Minerva

• Forum of Caesar – Temple of Venus Genetrix

Question 4

- List four buildings realised in the ancient city of Rome (not in the fora)

Four buildings in ancient Rome (not in the fora)

• Colosseum

• Pantheon

• Circus Maximus

• Baths of Caracalla

Question 4

- List four buildings realised in the ancient city of Rome (not in the fora)

Four Roman mausoleums / imperial tombs

• Mausoleum of Augustus – Rome

• Mausoleum of Hadrian – Rome

• Mausoleum of Cecilia Metella – Rome

• Mausoleum of Diocletian – Split

Question 4

- List four Early Christian churches in Italy, specifying their names and places

Four Early Christian churches in Italy

• San Lorenzo – Milan

• Santa Sabina – Rome

• San Vitale – Ravenna

• Sant’Ambrogio – Milan

Question 4

- List four Early Christian churches in Ravenna and Constantinople

Four Early Christian churches in Ravenna and Constantinople

• San Vitale – Ravenna

• Sant’Apollinare Nuovo – Ravenna

• Hagia Sophia – Constantinople (Istanbul)

• Church of the Holy Apostles – Constantinople

Question 4

- List four Early Christian churches in Rome

Four Early Christian churches in Rome

• Old St Peter’s Basilica

• Santa Maria Maggiore

• San Giovanni in Laterano

• Santa Sabina

Question 4

- List four buildings realised during the Carolingian and Ottonian period, specifying their names and places

Four Carolingian and Ottonian buildings

• Palatine Chapel – Aachen

• Abbey Church of Corvey – Germany

• St Michael’s Church – Hildesheim

• Magdeburg Cathedral – Magdeburg

Question 5

- List the nine elements that compose a complete architectural order

Nine elements of a complete architectural order

1. Stylobate

2. Column base

3. Shaft

4. Capital

5. Architrave

6. Frieze

7. Cornice

8. Entablature

9. Pediment

Question 5

- List all the elements and features that compose a Doric order

Doric order: elements and features

• No base

• Fluted shaft

• Capital with echinus and abacus

• Triglyphs and metopes in frieze

• Heavy proportions

Question 5

List all the elements and features that compose an Ionic order

Ionic order: elements and features

• Base

• Slender fluted shaft

• Capital with volutes

• Continuous frieze

• More elegant proportions

Question 5

- List all the elements and features that compose a Corinthian order

Corinthian order: elements and features

• Base

• Slender shaft

• Capital with acanthus leaves

• Rich decoration

• Continuous frieze

Question 5

- List all the elements and features that compose a Composite order

Composite order: elements and features

• Base

• Capital combining Ionic volutes and Corinthian acanthus

• Very decorative

• Roman invention

Question 5

- List all the elements and features that compose a Tuscan order

Tuscan order: elements and features

• Base

• Smooth shaft (no fluting)

• Simple capital

• Plain entablature

• Roman, very sober

Question 5

- List eight building techniques used in Greek or Roman antiquity

Eight ancient Greek/Roman building techniques

• Ashlar masonry

• Opus quadratum

• Opus incertum

• Opus reticulatum

• Opus latericium

• Concrete (opus caementicium)

• Post-and-lintel system

• Use of arches

Question 5

- List eight types of vaults and/or arches

Eight types of arches and/or vaults

• Round arch

• Segmental arch

• Triumphal arch

• Barrel vault

• Groin vault

• Cross vault

• Dome

• Cloister vault

Question 6

- Describe the distinguishing features of Mycenaean architecture, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Mycenaean architecture: features and examples

Massive cyclopean masonry, fortified citadels, megaron plan, corbelled vaults.

Examples: Lion Gate of Mycenae, Treasury of Atreus

Question 6

- Describe the distinguishing features and the function of Greek temples, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Greek temples: features, function, examples

Rectangular, post-and-lintel, Doric/Ionic/Corinthian orders; housed the cult statue.

Examples: Parthenon (Athens), Temple of Zeus (Olympia).

Question 6

- Describe the distinguishing features and the function of Roman temples, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Roman temples: features, function, examples

High podium, frontal emphasis, deep pronaos, use of concrete.

Examples: Temple of Portunus (Rome), Pantheon (Rome).

Question 6

- Compare the features of Greek and Roman temples, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Greek vs Roman temples (comparison)

Greek: all-sided, harmonious, marble.

Roman: frontal, axial, concrete technology.

Examples: Parthenon vs Temple of Portunus.

Question 6

- Compare the features and the function of Greek and Roman theaters, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Greek vs Roman theaters (features and function)

Greek: carved into hillside, open orchestra.

Roman: freestanding, vaulted substructures.

Examples: Theatre of Epidaurus, Theatre of Marcellus.

Question 6

- Describe the distinguishing features and the function of Roman baths, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Roman baths: features, function, examples

Large public complexes; frigidarium, tepidarium, caldarium, hypocaust.

Examples: Baths of Caracalla, Baths of Diocletian.

Question 6

- Describe the distinguishing features and the function of Roman amphitheaters, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Roman amphitheaters: features, function, examples

Elliptical plan, tiered seating, spectacles and gladiatorial games.

Examples: Colosseum (Rome), Arena of Verona.

Question 6

- Describe the distinguishing features and the function of Roman circuses, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Roman circuses: features, function, examples

Elongated plan with spina, chariot races.

Examples: Circus Maximus (Rome), Circus of Maxentius.

Question 6

- Compare the features and the functions of Roman circuses, theaters and amphitheaters, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Circuses vs theaters vs amphitheaters

Circus: chariot races, long shape.

Theater: drama, semicircular.

Amphitheater: spectacles, elliptical.

Examples: Circus Maximus, Theatre of Marcellus, Colosseum

Question 6

- Describe the distinguishing features of Early-Christian architecture in Constantinople, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Early Christian architecture in Constantinople

Centralized plans, domes, rich mosaics.

Examples: Hagia Sophia, Church of the Holy Apostles.

Question 6

- Describe the distinguishing features of Early-Christian architecture in Rome, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Early Christian architecture in Rome

Longitudinal basilica plan, plain exterior, axial space.

Examples: Old St Peter’s, Santa Sabina.

Question 6

- Describe the distinguishing features of Early-Christian architecture in Milan, giving also some examples (at least two)

Early Christian architecture in Milan

Central plans, transitional Roman-Christian forms.

Examples: San Lorenzo, Sant’Ambrogio.

Question 6

- Compare the features of Early-Christian churches in Rome and Constantinople, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Rome vs Constantinople Early Christian churches

Rome: longitudinal basilicas.

Constantinople: centralized domed spaces.

Examples: Santa Sabina vs Hagia Sophia.

Question 6

- Compare the features and the functions of the ancient Roman basilicas and the Early Christian ones, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Roman basilica vs Early Christian basilica

Roman: civic and legal use.

Christian: worship space, apse for altar.

Examples: Basilica Ulpia vs Old St Peter’s.

Question 6

- Describe the distinguishing features of Carolingian architecture, giving also some examples of buildings (at least two)

Carolingian architecture: features and examples

Revival of Roman forms, westwork, centralized plans.

Examples: Palatine Chapel (Aachen), Abbey of Corvey.

Question 7

- Describe the most important features of Roman cities/colonies

Roman cities / colonies: main features

Regular orthogonal plan, based on cardo and decumanus, forum at the center, city walls, public buildings (basilica, baths, temples), infrastructure (roads, aqueducts).

Question 7

- Describe the differences, in urban planning, between the city of Rome and the Roman colonies

Rome vs Roman colonies (urban planning)

Rome grew organically and irregularly.Colonies were planned cities with a geometric grid and standardized layout.

Question 7

- Describe the meaning of the word “Centuriation” and its importance in the founding of colonies

Centuriation: meaning and importance

System of land division into square plots (centuriae). It organized territory, agriculture, and property in new colonies.

Question 7

- Describe the most important features of the polis

Greek polis: main features

Independent city-state with urban center, citizenship, agora, acropolis, and surrounding countryside (chora).

Question 7

- Describe the meaning of the expression “Hippodamian plan” and its importance in the founding of colonies

Hippodamian plan: meaning and importance

Urban grid plan attributed to Hippodamus of Miletus. Regular streets and zoning; important for planned Greek colonies.

Question 7

- Describe the most important features and functions of the agora and its buildings

Agora: features and functions

Central public square for political, commercial, and social life. Surrounded by stoas, temples, bouleuterion.