History 9h Midterm

What was the immediate and long-term impact of westward expansion on the culture and politics of the US

What was the immediate and long-term impact of westward expansion on the culture and politics of the US

It caused conflicts with the Native Americans who believed they were being kicked out of the land that they had for many years. The US government encouraged citizens to move west because there would be many new opportunities available to them and the Natives had no use of being on that land. The long term impact was whether or not slavery should move out west which caused conflicts and turned into the start of the Civil War.

What were some of the pros and cons of American Western expansion in the late 1800s

Pros: The creation of new ways of travel like the railroad which would be useful in traveling across the country in less time. This gave many Americans living in the east more of an opportunity to become successful and get money by moving to the west.
Cons: The conditions in the west were very dangerous at times and many people died from diseases. There also were many conflicts between the Americans and different Native tribes who lived on that land way before any American stepped foot

Was conflict with Native Americans inevitable

Yes the conflict with Natives was inevitable because the settlers knew what they were doing and they intentionally moved the Natives out of their land.

What impact did westward expansion have on Native American-American relations

It ruined any relationship the two sides had and caused outbreaks in battles because the Native Americans were not willing to give up their land and they wouldn’t let the settlers take it from them or their practices.

What was the significance of the buffalo

The buffalo was a main source of food and the hides were used for clothes and shelters. Their bones were used for tools and weapons. The Natives also worshiped the buffalos as spiritual encounters.

The Homestead Act

The act grants cheap land to anyone that is head of their family, 21 years of age or older, not a confederate, and is a citizen of the US.

Battle of Little BigHorn

Thousands of Sioux and Cheyenne were able to kill Custer and defeat his troops within an hour which gave the Americans more of a motive to force the Natives out of their land.

Ghost Dance

It is a social dance that Natives used for healing practices but the Americans thought that they were being aggressive about it which led to the Wounded Knee.

Richard Pratt

Created the Dawes Act and Carlisle Indian School

The Massacre at Wounded Knee

Some Natives believed that if they did the ghost dance, the gods would destroy all non-Natives. A fight broke out which turned into a massacre and caused 125 Indians to be killed.

The Carlisle School

The purpose of this school was to assimilate the Natives way of life and take out all of the rituals/ traditions that they followed and turn them into a “normal” white man. Indians would be abused and stripped of their true identity to change into a person they were not.

Assimilation

White wash, Americanize

The Dawes Act 1887

Broke up land allotments for natives and Stripped Natives' identity and assimilate (assimilation) them into white American culture. This act caused harm to the Indian tribes by completely getting rid of their cultural identity and sovereignty.

The Transcontinental Railroad

This railroad went from the east all the way to the west and it was a great invention because it made a much easier quicker passage to get from one side of the country to the other.

How did government economic policies affect the lives of everyday Americans during the Second Industrial Revolution

The economy was advancing and factories became more important, it created a wider range between the rich and the poor. The factory owners became richer by producing a lot of products but the workers became poorer due to the unfair pay.

What impact did the inventors and inventions of the Second Industrial Revolution have on American society

The inventions made it so much easier for people to do regular things, but much quicker than it used to be. Though the workers that were working on the machines of the inventions had ruthless work hours and the conditions were horrendous.

What was the relation between industrial workers and industrial leaders during the Second Industrial Revolution

It was a negative relationship between the two sides because the industrial leaders would profit money from the workers. The workers had no say, they had to do all of the work in terrible conditions for little pay and long hours.

Robber barons

An industrialist who was very wealthy and presumably took the money from other companies and became very wealthy and successful.

Andrew Carnegie

Steel; Put workers through rough conditions, tell the workers to keep working hard b/c it will give them a successful life which was just a lie to make them work. He hired people to protect the plants from workers trying to hurt it while they were on strike due to the conditions.

John D. Rockefeller

He owned everything that had to do with Standard Oil and created a monopoly on it. He gave many poor people opportunities to make money by giving them jobs.

J.P. Morgan

JP Banks made a lot of money from the transcontinental railroad and he used the money he got to help save the National Bank.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Trains or railroads; started out with nothing but worked himself to have a very successful life. Though, he had way too much power over the railroads and was a part of a monopoly.

Capitalism

An economy where private people own companies that compete against each other, like Nikes/Adidas.

Laissez-Faire

French for “to let-do” and a belief that the government should not interfere or should limit regulations on businesses.

Trusts and Monopolie

: Monopoly is where one force controls an industry and, as a result, has the freedom to charge any amount because people need those goods.

Labor unions

An organized group of people that work together to protect and increase their rights and interests of their profession.

Industrial working conditions

Horrible, often led to diseases, long hours, little pay, & mistreatment by bosses.

Pullman Strike

Workers living in a factory town wanted better pay. They had to spend almost all of their wages paying rent back to the factory they lived in. Immigrants asked for bills to be passed to better their lives, they were all turned down. They went on strike and were met with brutality. The ones who were not arrested/killed went back to work with smaller pay.

Haymarket Afffair/Strike

Workers were protesting outside of a Chicago factory. The police came to shut them down. A bomb was then thrown by one of the workers. Police fired into the crowd causing many casualties.

Homestead Strike

People working at a factory wanted better wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions. Therefore, they decided to go on strike. They striked at the factory building a wall to not let anybody in.

Sherman antitrust act

This act got rid of any monopoly and made it illegal for that to happen so that other companies can promote their items and create competition.

What impact did local and federal political corruption have on American politics

Because of corruption such as political machines and the spoils system, America's leaders were not up to par. They were getting voted for a completely wrong reason, not because they cared about the country but because they wanted the status and the power.

How successful were the Gilded Age immigrants in the pursuit of their American Dream

They were not that successful because although some were offered jobs because of political machines, the pay was probably not fair. Half the time, immigrants did not get any jobs because of nativism and those who worked endured terrible conditions for extremly little pay.

What hardships did immigrants and Americans have to face in surviving in American cities in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Living in tenements. These tenements had diseases, no bathrooms, and barely any water or ventilation. A lot of immigrants died of diseases such as cholera or yellow fever. They also experienced racism, and laws were even enacted to ban immigration such as the Chinese Exclusion act.

What role did the end of Reconstruction play in segregation and discrimination in the South

More laws were enacted to separate African Americans and to legalize discrimination.

James Garfield

the 20th president of the US, died by getting shot by Charles Guiteau. Suffered a lot.

Destiny of the Republic

"Destiny of the Republic" by Candice Millard is a historical narrative focusing on the life of James A. Garfield. The book explores Garfield's rise to power, his attempts at reform, and the tragic events surrounding his assassination by the insane Charles Guiteau. It describes the medical challenges faced by Garfield after being shot and provides insight that Doctor Willard Bliss, who was elected by the spoils system, mistreated him.

Chester Arthur

21st president of the US, was vice president but became president after Garfield died.

Spoils system

Offered government jobs to friends or relatives with close ties regardless if they had experience.

political machines

A party organization headed by a boss which commands enough votes to maintain a political/administrative control of a city or a state.

Tammany Hall

Tammany Hall was a powerful political machine known for its control over Democratic Party politics. It offered immigrants shelter and votes in return for their votes.

Boss Tweed

A corrupt mayor of New York City. He threatened people at the ballot boxes to vote for him. He embezzled and stole money from the country as a part of building projects.

Thomas Nast

cartoonists who exposed tweed's corruption to immigrants b/c most did not understand how to read/write English but understood the pictures.

Nativism

Native born Americans believing immigrants took away opportunity for jobs from those who actually deserved it.

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1812

Signed by Chester Arthur which banned Chinese immigrants for 10 years, xenophobic act

Tenements

Apartments immigrants lived in because that was all they could afford. Horrible conditions, often diseases.

What effect did Progressive reforms have upon American society and the world we know

The progressive era layed a path for future presidents as there was an effective change thanks to Theodore Roosevelt. With his guidance, America was able to reach its true peak as the concerns of citizens were getting adressed and the problems were not being ignored.

How successful were the Progressive reformers in enacting change in American society during the early 1900s

Progressive reforms aimed to address social and economic issues. The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) ensured product safety, and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) led to workplace safety improvements.

How did the role of government change during the Progressive Era as compared to the Gilded Age

People recognized the government b/c the presidents of the progressive era actually made a change, whereas nobody remembers the gilded age presidents.

Progressivism

The support or advocacy for social reforms. The progressive era was the time period from 1890-1920 during which a variety of reforms were enacted.

Muckrakers and their accomplishments

A muckraker was a journalist who uncovered wrongdoing in politics or business.

Who were muckrakers

Upton Sinclair wrote the Jungle exposing the meat-packing industry and it was brought to Roosevelt and Congress' attention so they passed laws. Jacob Riis exposed the tenement conditions immigrants were in. Ida B Wells, Ida Tarbell, lillian wald, jane addams were muckrackers that fought for women's rights/health rights/racism/etc.

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

He protected consumers by helping to pass the pure food and drug act which made the sale or manufacture of poisonous or misbranded food or drink illegal.

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Young Jewish women worked in the factory of textiles/clothing. The boss lit a cigarette and it caused fire to the building. Many doors were locked and those could not escape. Many died In the fire by burning or died by jumping out of a window.

who was

Theodore Roosevelt

Vice president under William McKinley until shot then died. He was inaugurated and demanded reform immediately.

Hats of teddy roosevelt

He was a soldier, he held the positions of Assistant Secretary of the Navy and volunteered to fight in the Spanish American War in Cuba. Conservationist, appointed the first head of the U.S. Forest Service and the National Conservation Commission. Urged to pass the Reclamation Act which allowed the sale of public land to be reclaimed for irrigation work and preservation of natural resources, he helped to protect 220 million acres of land. Family man, he always made time for his wife and kids. His children grew to be very successful. Teddy bear, a Brooklyn candy shop owner, picked up on Roosevelt’s hunting journey and put stuffed bears in his store window which he called “Teddy’s Bears.” Hunter found hunting to be a noble, intelligent sport that showed great patience and showed him the beauty of the natural world. Naval strategist, stressed the power of the navy so he ordered large battleships filled with navy members, called the Great White Fleet, to travel around the world.

The Square Deal

The Square Deal was a policy created by Roosevelt which he lived by: Consumer protection, Control of Corporations, and Conservation of natural resources. (3 C’s.)

Jim Crow Laws

African Americans could not use the same bathrooms, water fountains, schools, restaurants etc. as whites. This went by the term “separate but equal” in which these two groups of people had separate accommodations but these accommodations were of equal quality. In reality, the “White only” places were far nicer than the African American ones and they used this term to justify it.

Booker T. Washington

Born in Virginia in the 1850s enslaved. He gained education in industrial practical skills and believed that it was best for African Americans to stabilize their future was to make them an essential part of American society by providing a necessity to the people. He Stressed that African Americans should stop agitating for voting and civil rights not only in exchange for economic and security gain, but also for reduced violence. Took a much more gradual approach to reducing racial discrimination.

W.E.B. du Bois

Born in Massachusetts as a free man, He grew up in a predominantly white environment and attended Fisk and Harvard University. He believed that equality was of the utmost importance and demanded equality immediately. He believed that agitating for the ballot was necessary but opposed giving votes to uneducated Blacks. Dubois worked to stop lynching and racially motivated violence.

Plessy v. Ferguson

This case and its ruling gave legal sanction to the principle of “separate but equal” facilities segregated by race. He purchased a first-class ticket and sat in the railroad car for white passengers and was arrested by the railroad officials for violating the act. A white lawyer agreed to argue for this case. He argued that this act violated the 13 and 14 amendments. The judge declared Plessy guilty and Plessy went on to the Louisiana State Supreme Court and they declared him guilty. Finally, Plessy took the case to the Supreme Court and they determined that the separate facilities for races was legal as long as the facilities were of the separate but equal qualifications. Southern states used the ruling of this case to justify even more rigid segregation laws.

Voting restrictions

1. poll tax, paying to have to vote. 2. grandfather clause, restricted voting rights to men who were allowed to vote before 1867 because they were not allowed to vote before the 15th Amendment was ratified. 3. literacy tests, taking impossible tests and if u got one wrong, u couldnt vote

NAACP

National Association of Advancement for Colored People founded by WEB Dubois which advanced justice for native americans

Lynching

Murder of an accused person by a mob without a lawful trial.

How did the U.S. expand its territory and influence on the world stage in the late 1800s and early 1900s

The U.S. went into war with different countries over bodies of land and since the U.S. is so strong, they would win and take over the land.

What were the causes and outcomes of the Spanish American War

People called yellow journalists would write articles to influence Americans to want to go to war with other countries and take over their land. Once the Americans settled in the west, journalists started to become interested in the struggles being held in Cuba so they went and wrote millions of newspapers about that. Spain had power over Cuba and they created the Reconcentration Policy which sent thousands of Cubans into concentration camps. They had 8 days to go to a camp and if they failed to do so they were to be shot. Because of this, over 400,000 Cubans died due to unsanitary food or lack of it and diseases spreading. When President McKinley got inaugurated, he wanted to stop the suffering that Spain was causing in Cuba in a safe and humane way but that never went through so America and Spain went to war. More Americans died from yellow fever and typhoid than actual Spanish bullets because the conditions were so bad. After 8-9 months, the war ended with the Treaty of Paris 1898 and Cuba became a part of the US and soon gained its own independence.

Annexation

(annex) to join

Imperialism

The policy when a country extends its borders through using a military force.

the annexation of Hawaii

William McKinley supported the annexation of Hawaii, it was annexed to better support the businesses of the US. The US needed Hawaii to protect its world trade. Hawaii did not want to join the US, and queen Lili would not honor the Bayonet Constritution so the US arrested her.

Yellow journalism

A type of journalism, emphasizing crime and scandal. William Hearst was the father of yellow journalism.

Panama Canal

The goal of the Panama Canal was to be able to ship goods quickly and cheaply between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and so that there was an easier way to get through the country. The problem was that the living conditions were terrible, the cities where they were building were very unsanitary, about 27,000 workers died from sickness.

Cuba

Was under control of Spain, america pittied Cuba bc america was once a colony under the control of a largely sized country.