Studied by 1 person
entropy (ΔS)
the measure of how dispersed/spread out the matter and energy of a system is (more spread out → higher entropy)
+ΔS: higher entropy
-ΔS: lower entropy
standard change in entropy
measure of how entropy changes during a process at some standard conditions
absolute entropy
entropy change as a substances ins heated from 0 Kelvin
gibbs free energy
measure of the thermodynamic favorability of a reaction at certain conditions
ΔG < 0: thermodynamically favored
ΔG > 0: not thermodynamically favored
ΔG = 0: equilibrium
ΔG
change in free energy when forming 1 mole of substance from its elemental components at standard conditions
kinetic control
reactions when ΔG < 0 but do not happen at any significant rate at a given temperature
coupling
a thermodynamically favorable reaction occurs alongside an unfavorable one, using intermediates to get the desired product
electrochemical cell
chemical energy is converted to electrical energy using redox reactions
galvanic cell
generate electricity by using redox equations that are thermodynamically favorable
electrolytic cell
use a power supply to drive a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction
electrochemical potential
measured in volts
half-reactions
reaction of oxidation or reduction component alone
not dependent on the number of electrons or coefficients in balanced half reaction equations
Q < 1
more reactants, stronger forward reaction, increased voltage, new Ecell is > standard Ecell
Q > 1
more products, stronger backward reaction, increased voltage, new Ecell is < standard Ecell
