Process for Regulating Acid–Base Balance

pH

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺); ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline) with 7 being neutral.

acid–base balance

The homeostasis of acidic and basic (alkaline) compounds in the blood to maintain a blood pH of between 7.35 and 7.45.

acidosis

A condition characterized by a blood pH lower than 7.35, indicating increased levels of acid in the blood.

alkalosis

A condition characterized by a blood pH greater than 7.45, indicating that the blood is too alkaline.

buffer

A substance that can absorb changes in pH when an acid or base is added to the solution.

ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)

A laboratory evaluation used to interpret acid–base balance in the body by analyzing pH, PaCO₂, HCO₃^–, and PaO₂ levels.

hyperventilation

Increased ventilation rate that can lead to respiratory alkalosis by decreasing PaCO₂.

Kussmaul respirations

Deep and labored breathing pattern often seen in metabolic acidosis as the body attempts to compensate.

metabolic acidosis

A condition with a low pH and decreased HCO₃^– caused by either too little bicarbonate or too much acid in the blood.

metabolic alkalosis

A condition with a high pH and elevated HCO₃^– resulting from excessive bicarbonate or loss of acid.

respiratory acidosis

A condition with a low pH and elevated PaCO₂ resulting from inadequate ventilation.

respiratory alkalosis

A condition with a high pH and decreased PaCO₂ resulting from excessive ventilation.

HCO₃^–

Bicarbonate ion, a key component in maintaining acid-base balance, which acts as a base.

PaCO₂

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood; used to assess respiratory function.

buffer systems

Physiological mechanisms, such as the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system, that help maintain pH within the narrow range necessary for cellular function.

renal regulation

The process by which the kidneys filter and regulate the concentrations of H⁺ and HCO₃^– to maintain acid-base balance.

respiratory compensation

The adjustment of ventilation to correct acid-base imbalances, such as by increasing breathing rate in response to metabolic acidosis.

clinical manifestations of acidosis

Can include confusion, fatigue, shortness of breath, and lethargy.

clinical manifestations of alkalosis

Can include muscle twitching, anxiety, lightheadedness, and confusion.

nursing interventions for acid-base imbalances

Include monitoring vital signs, ABGs, respiratory status, and client education regarding the imbalance and its management.