Cornerstone University BIO 151 - Final Exam

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules, simplest carbohydrates.

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined together.

Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharide units.

Starch

Energy storage in plants like potatoes.

Triglycerides

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids, stored fat.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Solid at room temperature, found in butter.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Liquid at room temperature, found in oils.

Primary Protein Structure

Linear sequence of amino acids in polypeptide.

Secondary Protein Structure

Local folding patterns stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

Alpha Helices

Coiled structures formed by hydrogen bonding.

Beta Pleated Sheets

Sheet-like structures from hydrogen bonds between strands.

Tertiary Protein Structure

3D folding of a single polypeptide chain.

Quaternary Protein Structure

Assembly of multiple polypeptide chains into a protein.

Mitosis

Produces two identical daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm to complete cell division.

Meiosis

Produces four non-identical haploid gametes.

Carcinoma

Cancer originating in epithelial cells.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Originates in basal cells, slow-growing skin cancer.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Develops from squamous cells, more likely to spread.

Leukemia

Overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

Lymphoma

Cancerous growth of lymphocytes in lymphatic tissue.

Nucleosomes

DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

Chromatin

Uncoiled DNA, condenses into chromosomes during division.

ECG

Measures electrical activity of the heart.

P Wave

Represents atrial contraction impulse.

QRS Complex

Depolarization of ventricles leading to contraction.

T Wave

Represents ventricular repolarization.

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity from natural infection, long-lasting.

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

Immunity passed from mother to child temporarily.

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity gained through vaccination, long-term.

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

Immunity from injected antibodies, short-term.

Villi

Finger-like projections in the small intestine that enhance absorption.

Microvilli

Smaller projections on villi increasing surface area for nutrient absorption.

Chemical Digestion

Breakdown of food molecules by enzymes in the small intestine.

Passive Transport

Nutrient movement from high to low concentration without energy.

Active Transport

Nutrient absorption against concentration gradient using ATP.

Capillaries

Blood vessels transporting water-soluble nutrients into bloodstream.

Lacteals

Lymphatic vessels transporting fat-soluble nutrients into lymphatic system.

Duodenum

First section of small intestine; site for chemical digestion.

Jejunum

Middle section of small intestine; primary nutrient absorption site.

Ileum

Final section of small intestine; absorbs bile salts and vitamin B12.

Dopamine Release

Increase in dopamine from drugs causes pleasure and reward sensation.

Euphoria

Intense pleasure feeling from dopamine surge due to drug use.

Tolerance

Decreased sensitivity to drug effects requiring higher doses.

Physical Dependence

Body's reliance on a drug for normal function.

Psychological Dependence

Compulsive need for a drug to feel normal or avoid distress.

Sliding Filament Theory

Explains muscle contraction through thick and thin filament interaction.

Thick Filaments

Composed of myosin; interact with actin during muscle contraction.

Thin Filaments

Composed of actin; regulatory proteins enable muscle contraction.

Cross-Bridge Formation

Myosin heads attach to actin, allowing muscle fiber shortening.

ATP Hydrolysis

Breakdown of ATP providing energy for muscle contraction.

Power Stroke

Myosin head pivots, pulling actin during muscle contraction.

Calcium Release

Calcium ions released to initiate muscle contraction process.

Troponin-Tropomyosin Complex

Regulatory proteins that expose actin binding sites for myosin.

Amniotes

Vertebrates with eggs or young developing in amniotic fluid.

Amnion

Membrane surrounding embryo, providing cushioning and protection.

Chorion

Outer membrane involved in gas exchange for the embryo.

Allantois

Stores waste and aids in gas exchange; forms umbilical cord.

Yolk Sac

Provides nutrients to embryo; involved in blood cell formation.

Female Reproductive Cycle

Hormonal events preparing body for potential pregnancy.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Hormone stimulating maturation of ovarian follicles.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Hormone triggering ovulation and corpus luteum formation.