Chemistry-Acid, Bases and salts

Acid And Base

Acid Is Proton donor (H+) , and Base is the proton acceptor (OH-)

Dissociation

Release of H+ Ions in a solution from an acid making it acidic

Strong And weak Acid

Strong acid completely Dissociates where Weak acid partially dissociates

Reaction of Acids

Acid + Base > Salt + Water

Reaction of acid with carbonate

Acid + Carbonate > Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

Indicators

• Litmus

• Methyl Orange ( Yellow in Base ) > ( Orange in Neutral) > (Pink/Red in Acid)

• Thymolphthalein ( Blue in Base)

• Phenolphthalein (Pink In Base)

Reaction of Bases

Base + Ammonium Salt > Salt + Water + Ammonia Gas

PH indicator

indicates how acidic or basic a substance is by Changing color

Oxides

Form when Metal or non-metal react with oxygen or Carbon dioxide

• Non-metal Oxides are acidic

• Metal Oxides are basic

Amphoteric Oxides

Are oxides that can react with both metals and non-metals , Examples:

• Zinc Oxide

• Aluminum Oxide

Preparing Soluble Salts

Done By several ways Depending on the Reactants , Example an Acid With:

• Titration ( with an alkali)

• excess metal

• excess insoluble base

• excess insoluble carbonate

Titration

• Measuring Known volume of an alkali (needed: Conical Flask , Pipette)

• Adding few drops of indicator (Methyl Orange And Thymolphthalein)

• Add Acid Gradually till the colour Change Indicating neutralisation (needed: burette)

• Record The volume

• Repeat without indicator

• Separartion forming Crystallise

• Purification (Dry)

Example Of Titration

NaOH + HCl > NaCl + H2O

Preparing Insoluble Salts

• Bring to soluble salts in distilled water

• Mix them > Precipitate of insoluble salt forms

• Separation

• Purification

Example Of Precipitation

Zn + H2SO4 > ZnSO4 + H2

Hydrated And Anhydrous Salts

Crystals Can Chemically bond with water

Solubility Rules

PMS > Pb + Mercury + Silver (All Nitrates are soluable)