Test 4

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
Get a hint
Hint

Aneurysm

1 / 122

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

123 Terms

1

Aneurysm

Weakening of an artery, Wall of artery weakens and stretches, risk of clot formation

New cards
2

Where can an artery occur?

abdominal aorta, thoracic aorta, cerebral femoral, and popliteal arteries

New cards
3

Aneurysms can...

rupture - exsanguination (bleeding), hemorrhage

New cards
4

Risk factors of Aneurysms

congenital defects, atherosclerosis, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, tobacco, advanced age, trauma

New cards
5

True aneurysms

affect all 3 vessel layers

New cards
6

Saccular aneurysm

bulge on the side

New cards
7

fusiform aneursym

occurs the entire circumference

New cards
8

false aneurysms

does not affect all 3 layers of the vessel

New cards
9

dissecting aneurysms

occurs in inner layer

New cards
10

aortic aneurysm

involve any part of the aorta, look for pulsating mass, most dreaded complication is rupture, risk increases with size of aneurysm, dissecting aneurysm is acute, life threatening

New cards
11

signs and symptoms of aneurysms

depend on location and size, may be asymptomatic, may include: pulsating mass, pain, respiratory difficulty, and neurologic decline

New cards
12

diagnosis of aneurysms

exam, x-ray, echocardiogram, CT, MRI, arteriograph

New cards
13

Tx of aneurysms

eliminating or managing cause and surgery

New cards
14

Risk factors of hypertension

advancing age, ethnicity, family history, being overweight or obese, physical inactive, tobacco use, high-sodium diet, low-potassium diet, high vitamin D intake, excessive alc. intake, stress and other chronic conditions

New cards
15

hypertension

prolonged elevation in bp, excessive cardiac workload due to increased afterload and vasoconstriction

New cards
16

sign & symptoms of hypertension

fatigue, HA, malaise, and dizziness; early detection and management is essential to prevent complications

New cards
17

complications of hypertension

atherosclerosis, aneurysms, heart failure, stroke, hypertensive crisis, renal damage, vision loss, metabolic, syndrome, memory problems

New cards
18

lifestyle modification has been shown to reduce BP

wt reduction, regular exercise, reduce salt, smoking cessation, reduce alc

New cards
19

Primary HTN

most common form, develops gradually over t

New cards
20

secondary HTN

tends to be more sudden & severe causes: renal disease, adrenal gland tumors, certain congenital heart defects, certain meds, illegal drugs

New cards
21

Hypertensive Crisis/Malignant HTN

acclerated or severe form may not respond as well to tx situations in which markedly elevated BP is accompanied by progressive or impending target-organ damage associated w/ secondary HTN diastolic BP>120 severe HTN= SBP>180/DBP>110 hypertensive urgency= DBP>110 and HA or dyspnea hypertensive emergency = DBP>120 and rapidly progressing damage and symptoms

New cards
22

Pregnancy-induced hypertension

S/Sx: high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema Risk factors: history of pregnancy-induced hypertension, renal disease, diabetes mellitus, multiple fetuses, and maternal age less than 20 years or greater than 40 years May cause seizures, miscarriages, poor fetal development, and placental abruption TX: bed rest and magnesium sulfate

New cards
23

Pheochromocytoma

Tumor of chromaffin tissue that contain sympathetic nerve cells that stain with chromium salts. Most commonly in adrenal medulla Can cause serious hypertension Tumor cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine. Hypertension is from massive release of catecholamines. Periodic episodes of HEADACHE, excessive sweating, palpitations, nervousness, tremor, pallor, weakness, fatigue May have sustained or intermittent HTN.

New cards
24

Coarctation of Aorta

Narrowing of the aorta. • Results in increase in systolic BP and blood flow to upper body; Blood pressure in lower extremities may be normal or low. • Need to take BP in both arms and one leg! • Maintenance of blood pressure to lower body probably a result of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activated by decreased renal blood flow. TX: surgical repair or balloon angioplasty

New cards
25

Oral Contraceptives

• Most common cause of secondary hypertension in young women. • Take blood pressure regularly. • May increase risk of long-term development of hypertension. • Complications usually in >35 and smokers.

New cards
26

Target organ damage

Typically asymptomatic • Problems usually associated with kidneys, heart, eyes, blood vessels. • Risk of atherosclerosis • Increased workload on the heart • Chronic HTN leads to kidney problems • Dementia and other cognitive problems more common.

New cards
27

orthostatic hypotension

• Abnormal drop upon standing • Baroreceptors in thorax and carotid sinus initiate reflex constriction of veins and arteries • AKA postural hypotension. • Causes: Reduced blood volume, medications, aging, bedrest and immobility, and autonomic nervous system disorders

New cards
28

varicose veins

• Engorged veins resulting from valve incompetency • Most common in the legs • May also occur as esophageal varices and hemorrhoids • Can cause stasis pigmentation, subcutaneous induration, dermatitis, and thrombophlebitis • Risk factors: genetic predisposition, pregnancy, obesity, prolonged sitting or standing, alcohol abuse and liver disorders (esophageal varices), and constipation (hemorrhoids)

New cards
29

S/Sx of Veins

–Pedal edema –Fatigue –Aching in the legs –Shiny, pigmented, hairless skin on the legs and feet –Skin ulcer formation -Irregular, purplish, bulging veins

New cards
30

Dx & Tx of Varicose Veins

exam, Doppler ultrasound, and venogram

elevate affected leg, compression stockings, avoid prolonged standing or sitting, exercise, sclerotherapy(treat bv malformations), and surgical removal

New cards
31

venous thrombosis

Stationary blood clot • Virchow’s Triad – endothelial injury, sluggish blood flow, and increased viscosity • Emboli – traveling body –Maybe a thrombus, air, fat, tissue, bacteria, amniotic fluid, tumor cells, and foreign substances –Can become lodged in places like the lungs, brain, and heart

New cards
32

S/sx, DX of venous thrombosis

Depends on location

Arteriography, ultrasound, echocardigram, MRI

New cards
33

Prevention of Venous Thrombosis

increasing mobility, hydration, antiembolism hose, sequential compression devices, antiplatelet agents, and anticoagulants

New cards
34

Tx of Venous Thrombosis

thromblytic agents and embolectomy

New cards
35

D/o that affect whole heart

Coronary Artery Disease, Pericardial Disorders, Myocardial Diseases

New cards
36

Coronary Artery disease

Atherosclerotic changes of the coronary arteries, impairs myocardial tissue perfusion, angina (stable & unstable), infarction, causes are arthrosclerosis, vasospasms, thrombus blood clots and cardiomyopathy

New cards
37

Angina

Intermittent chest pain resulting from myocardium ischemia

New cards
38

Stable angina

Goes away with the demand reduction while doing some thing

New cards
39

Unstable angina

increased intensity or frequency, does not go away with the demand reduction, or occurs at rest

New cards
40

Infarction

Necrotic damage to myocardium

New cards
41

Complications of coronary artery disease

Myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and sudden death

New cards
42

Signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease

Angina, indigestion like sensation, nausea, vomiting, clammy extremities, diaphoresis, and fatigue

New cards
43

Diagnosis of coronary artery

History, exam, contributing factors, stress test, echocardiogram, ECG

New cards
44

Treatment of coronary artery disease

Similar to dyslipidemia/atherosclerosis but add meds to help reduce workload on the heart and manage blood pressure and dysrhythmias and O2

New cards
45

Acute coronary syndrome

ECG changes and serum cardiac markers

New cards
46

Acute coronary syndrome ECG changes

T-wave inversion, ST segment depression or elevation, abnormal Q wave, T wave and ST segment also known as ventricular repolarization are usually the first involved in myocardial ischemia and injury

New cards
47

Acute coronary syndrome serum cardiac markers

Proteins released from the necrotic heart cells like myoglobin, creatine kinase, troponin

New cards
48

Acute myocardial infarction

Death of the heart muscle, coronary artery blood flow is blocked due to atherosclerosis, thrombus, or vasospasms, risk factors are the same as those for atherosclerosis

New cards
49

Signs and symptoms of acute MI

Some asymptomatic - “silent” MI, includes angina, fatigue, N/V, SOB, sweating, indigestion, elevation in cardiac markers, EKG changes, neck/ear pain and women may present with different symptoms in men

New cards
50

How is chest pain in acute myocardial infarction

Severe, crushing, constrictive or like heartburn

New cards
51

How is the sympathetic nervous system response in acute myocardial infarction

GI distress, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, anxiety, restlessness, feeling of impending doom

New cards
52

Hypotension and shock in acute myocardial infarction

Weakness in arms and legs

New cards
53

Diagnosis of acute MI

Exam, ECG, cardiac markers, stress testing, nuclear imaging and angiography

New cards
54

Treatment of acute MI

Treatment varies depending on timing of treatment, need to reestablish blood flow within 20 to 40 minutes, I want to limit the formation of fibrous scar tissue

New cards
55

Immediately MONA in acute myocardial infarction

Pain management (MORPHINE) Increase O2 (OXYGEN) Open up vessels (NITRATE) Keep platelets from blocking (ASPIRIN)

New cards
56

What else can you administer in acute MI

Thrombolytics which are clot busters

New cards
57

Post MI

Similar to those for atherosclerosis

New cards
58

Complications of acute MI

Heart failure, dysrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, pericarditis, thromboemboli/thrombosis, rupture of the heart, death, ventricular aneurysms

New cards
59

Chronic ischemic heart disease

Imbalance in blood supply and the heart demands for oxygen When there is less blood… Atherosclerosis, vasospasm, thrombosis When there is higher oxygen demand… Stress, exercise, cold

New cards
60

Chronic ischemic heart disease – chronic stable angina

Pain when hearts oxygen demand increases

New cards
61

Chronic ischemic heart disease – variant (vasospastic) angina

Pain when coronary arteries spasm

New cards
62

Chronic ischemic heart disease - Silent myocardial ischemia

Myocardial ischemia without pain

New cards
63

Ischemic heart disease is characterized by…

Stable angina, which is associated with plaques that are fixed obstructions

New cards
64

Unstable angina is characterized by…

Plaques with platelets that to them (these are likely to form a thrombus) they cause a range of coronary artery syndromes

New cards
65

Endocardial structures

Lining the heart can cause heart failure

New cards
66

If the AV valves leading into the into the ventricles do not work (mitral or tricuspid) can cause

Heart failure

New cards
67

If the semilunar valves leading out of the ventricles do not work (aortic or pulmonary) problems it can cause

Heart failures

New cards
68

Infective endocarditis

Formally called bacterial endocarditis, commonly caused by staphylococcus, but also streptococcus and enterococci are common, vegetation forms on internal structures and creates small thrombi, micro emboli occur as they are dislodged resulting in micro hemorrhages

New cards
69

Risk Factors of infective endocarditis

IV drug use, valvular disorders, prosthetic heart valves, rheumatic heart disease, coarctation of the aorta, congenital heart defects and Marfan syndrome

New cards
70

Signs and symptoms of infective endocarditis

Flu like symptoms, embolization, heart murmur, petechiae, splinter hemorrhages under the nails like glass, hematuria and Osler‘s nodes

New cards
71

Diagnosis of infective endocarditis

Exam, blood cultures, CBC, urinalysis, serum rheumatoid factor, erythrocytes sedmentation rate, ECG, echocardiogram

New cards
72

Treatment of infective endocarditis

Identify cause, anti-infective meds, bed rest, oxygen therapy, antipyretics, surgical valve repair, and prosthetic valve replacement

New cards
73

Rheumatic heart disease (endocardial d/o)

Immune mediated, multi system inflammatory disease, occurs at a few weeks after group a beta hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis, inflammation of myocardium, pericardium and heart valves, chronic valvular dysfunction biggest consequence, may have persistent deformity of heart valves from scar tissue (vegetations)

New cards
74

Valvular heart disease

Disrupt blood flow through the heart in any of the four valves, stenosis or regurgitation can occur

New cards
75

stenosis in valvular heart disease

Narrowing, less blood flow can flow through the valve, causes decreased cardiac output, increase cardiac workload, and hypertrophy

New cards
76

Regurgitation in valvular heart disease

Insufficient closure, blood flows in both directions to the valve, cause decreased cardiac output, increase cardiac workload, hypertrophy and dilation

New cards
77

Causes of valvular disorders

Congenital defects, infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, MI, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure

New cards
78

Signs and symptoms of Valvular disorders

Depends on the valve involved, reflect alteration in blood flow through the heart, may cause signs and symptoms of left-sided or right sided heart failure

New cards
79

Diagnosis of valvular disorders

Exam, heart catheterization, chest x-ray, echocardiogram, MRI, ECG

New cards
80

Treatment of valvular disorders

Diuretics, anti-dysrhythmics, vasodilators, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and beta adrenergic blockers (BP meds), anticoagulants, oxygen therapy, low sodium diet, surgical valve repair and prosthetic valve replacement

New cards
81

Mitral valve disorders

Mitral valve stenosis, mitral valve regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse

New cards
82

Aortic valve disorders

Aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve regurgitation

New cards
83

Mitral valve regurgitation

Mitral valve does not close as it should, portion of the stroke volume (amt of blood ejected by the ventricle) leaks back into the left atrium, decreases the amount of blood that is ejected during that beat (SV), often from rheumatic heart disease

New cards
84

MItral valve prolapse

Seen more in women, may be familial mucous degeneration of the mitral leaflets, may or may not cause regurgitation most asymptomatic, but most may have prolonged chest pain, dyspnea, fatigue, anxiety, palpitations and lightheadedness characterized by spectrum of findings when you listen with a stethoscope stop stimulants like caffeine, nicotine, alcohol to control symptoms

New cards
85

Identifying Defective Leaflets

The blood going through the valve makes a noise which are called heart murmurs

New cards
86

You can identify heart murmurs by

Where they are which valve are they near?, How they sound high or low pitched?, When they happen systole or diastole?

New cards
87

If a valve is stenotic,

You will hear a murmur of blood shooting through the narrow opening when the valve is open

New cards
88

If a valve is reguritant,

You will hear a murmur of blood leaking back through when the valve should be closed

New cards
89

Acute pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium causes: pain, exudate, ECG changes

New cards
90

How is the exudate in acute pericarditis

Serous -> pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade Fibrous -> friction rub, adhesions

New cards
91

Cardiac tamponade

Rapid accumulation of accident compresses the heart

New cards
92

Signs and symptoms of pericarditis

Pericardial friction rub, sharp, sudden, severe chest pain that increases with deep inspiration and decreases when sitting up and leaning forward, dyspnea, tachycardia, edema, flu like symptoms (think inflammation)

New cards
93

Pericardial friction rub

Grating sound heard when breath is held

New cards
94

Diagnosis of pericarditis

History, exam, complete blood count, ECG, chest x-ray, echocardiogram, CT, MRI

New cards
95

Treatment of pericarditis

Identify and resolve the underlying cause, NSAIDs, meds for inflammation, pain meds, bed rest, oxygen therapy, pericardiocentesis, and pericardiectomy

New cards
96

Pericardial effusion

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity, usually result of infectious or inflammatory process including pericarditis, may also develop with neoplasm, cardiac surgery, and trauma, it compresses the chambers of the heart, if small amount may not be symptomatic but if rapid or large rises intra cardiac pressures, echocardiogram can detect

New cards
97

Pericardial effusion cardiac tamponade

Cardiac compression from excessive fluid accumulation, life-threatening

New cards
98

Signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade

Falling arterial pressures, rising venous pressures, narrowing pulse pressure, and muffled heart sounds

New cards
99

Complications of cardiac tamponade

Heart failure, shock, death

New cards
100

Cardiac tamponade and pulses paradoxus

On inhaling, the right ventricle fills with extra blood because the heart cannot fully expand when the right ventricle is overfilled, the left ventricle is compressed and cannot accept much blood on the next heartbeat, The left ventricle does not send out much blood: systolic blood blood pressure drops

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 28 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 147 people
... ago
4.7(3)
note Note
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 8 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
4.5(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 87 people
... ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (104)
studied byStudied by 14 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (91)
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (30)
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (33)
studied byStudied by 241 people
... ago
4.7(3)
flashcards Flashcard (29)
studied byStudied by 82 people
... ago
4.5(2)
flashcards Flashcard (165)
studied byStudied by 8 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (95)
studied byStudied by 9 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (63)
studied byStudied by 72 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot