Anatomy and Physiology Midterm

Articulatory system function

To produce speech sounds

Moveable articulators

Lips, mandible, velum, tongue, cheeks, pharynx

Immobile articulators

Alveolar ridge of maxillae, hard palate, teeth

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Fine, precise, small movements

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Gross, bigger movements

Facial skeleton bones

Mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal bones, palatine bones, vomer, inferior nasal concha, lacrimal bones

Cranial skeleton bones

Frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone

Hard palate bone

Maxilla

Cheekbone

Zygomatic

Lower jaw bone

Mandible

Bony forehead bone

Frontal bone

Lateral skull bone

Temporal bone

Posterior skull bone

Occipital bone

Cavities of the oral tract

Oral, buccal, pharyngeal, nasal

Buccinator function

Compresses sides of lips and cheeks against teeth, involved in chewing and drinking.

Risorius function

Retracts corners of the lips (laughter muscle).

Mentalis function

Wrinkles chin (pouting muscle).

Orbicularis Oris function

Closes mouth, lips pucker and seal off oral cavity.

Genioglossus function

Moves tongue (anterior fibers retract and depress, posterior fibers protrude and elevate).

Superior Longitudinal function

Elevates tongue tip.

Inferior Longitudinal function

Pulls tongue tip up.

Transverse function

Narrows tongue.

Vertical function

Flattens tongue.

Masseter function

Closes jaw, elevates mandible, assists with chewing.

Temporalis function

Elevates mandible, draws back if protruded.

Pterygoid function

Elevates mandible, holds jaw in place.

Levator veli palatini

Primary elevator of the velum, pulls up and backwards.

Musculus uvulae

Shortens the soft palate.

Pharyngeal stage

Protects airway.

Cilia function

Traps pathogens and other particles from reaching the lungs.

Epiglottis function

Protects airway from food and liquid entering, preventing aspiration.

Bronchi branches

Smaller airways, form bronchioles, lead to the alveoli.

Gas exchange location

Alveoli.

Number of rib pairs

12 pairs.

Types of ribs

True ribs, false ribs, floating ribs.

Rib function

Protect heart and lungs, facilitate respiration.

Rib cage elevation effect

Increases volume of chest cavity, drawing air into lungs.

Diaphragm

Primary muscle of inspiration, separates thorax from abdomen.

Diaphragm movement during inspiration

Pulled downward.

Diaphragm movement during expiration

Pulled upward.

Second most important respiratory muscles

Intercostals.

Internal intercostals function

Exhalation.

External intercostals function

Inhalation.

Boyle's law

As volume increases, pressure decreases; as volume decreases, pressure increases.

Expiration types

Passive, active, forced.

Forces for phonation

Maintenance of pressure, flow, and vocal fold approximation.

Biological purpose of respiratory system

Supply oxygen, remove carbon dioxide for energy production.

Difference in respiration purposes

Speech: power supply for sound; Biological: maintains life.

Muscles for speech respiration

Diaphragm, intercostals, abdominal muscles.

Muscles for biological respiration

Diaphragm, intercostals, accessory muscles.

Pressure difference in respiration

Tidal breathing has even inhalation/exhalation; speech breathing favors exhalation.

Nasal cavity function

Filters and moistens air, removes allergens.

Trachea structure

Comprised of 16-20 cartilaginous rings.

Bronchial Tree

Connects trachea to the lungs.

Alveoli function

Air-filled sacs for gas exchange.

Pleurae function

House and protect lungs, provide smooth glide during breathing.

Place and manner classification

Two ways that articulation of consonants can be classified.