There are several layers of protection to prevent pollutants, allergens, germs, food/liquid… etc. from entering the airway – what are they and where are they located?

Pharyngeal stage: protects airway

Cilia: traps pathogens and other particles from reaching the lungs

Epiglottis: protects airway from food and liquid entering it causing aspiration

The bronchi branch out into:

Smaller airways, forms bronchioles, lead to the alveoli

Where does gas exchange occur?

Alveoli

How many pairs of ribs are there? What are the 3 types? What is the function of the ribs?

12 pairs

True ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs

Protect heart and lungs, facilitate respiration (elevate during it)

What happens when the rib cage elevates?

Allows air to flow into lungs because cavity volume is increased, intercostal muscles between ribs help enlarge chest cavity and diaphragm contracts to create negative pressure gradient, draws air into lungs

What is the diaphragm? Where is it located? How does it move during inspiration vs. expiration?

Primary muscle of inspiration, separates thorax from abdomen

During inspiration: pulled downward

During expiration: pulled upward

The 2^nd most important set of muscles in regard to respiration? What’s the difference between internal/external intercostals?

Intercostals are the 2^nd most important

Internal: exhalation

External: inhalation

What does Boyle’s law state? How does that law relate to respiration?

As the volume of a closed container increases, pressure decreases

As the volume of a closed container decreases, pressure increases

Respiration occurs because of coordination between volume/pressure

What are the different types of expiration? What forces need to be overcome to allow for sustained phonation or speech production?

Passive (quiet)

Active

Forced

Maintenance of pressure, flow, and vocal fold approximation

What is the biological purpose of the respiratory system?

Supply body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide to allow cells to carry out functions and produce energy

What is the difference between respiration for biological purposes and respiration for speech purposes? What muscles are recruited and how is pressure different?

Speech: power supply, inhalation provides energy for sound production

Biological: maintains life

For speech: diaphragm, intercostals, and abdominal muscles

For biological: diaphragm, intercostals, accessory muscles

Pressure is different…tidal breathing has almost the same amount of inhalation and exhalation, speech breathing has mainly exhalation and not a lot if inhalation

Define the following terms:

Term	Definition
Resting tidal volume	The amount of air you move through your lungs each time you inhale and exhale while you’re at rest
Inspiratory reserve volume	The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the normal tidal volume during a deep breath
Expiratory reserve volume	The amount of extra air exhaled during a forceful breath out
Residual volume	The amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after maximum exhalation
Vital capacity	The amount of air that the lungs can expel after having been filled completely
Total lung capacity	The maximum amount of air that your lungs can hold
Alveolar pressure	The pressure of air inside the lung alveoli
Pleural pressure	The pressure surrounding the lung within the pleural space

Respiratory Anatomy

Nasal cavity: superior to the oral cavity, filters and moistens air and removes allergens

Trachea: comprised of 16-20 cartilaginous rings

Bronchial Tree: tree like structure, connects trachea to the lungs

Alveoli: air-filled sacs clustered together at the terminal bronchioles

Pleurae: house and protect the lungs, and provide smooth easy glide when breathing

Articulatory Anatomy

Mandible: large u-shaped bone of the facial skeleton that houses the lower teeth

Buccal Cavity: located between the teeth/gums and cheeks

Orbicularis Oris: muscle that encircles the mouth and is shaped like an oval ring

Mentalis muscle: muscle of the lips, “the pouting muscle”, responsible for lip protrusion and depression

Genioglossus: largest extrinsic muscle of the tongue, forms the bulk of the tongue

Phonatory Anatomy

Vocal Folds: vibrate to produce phonation

Larynx: structure that closes the airway in response to intrusion of foreign objects and also prevents air from escaping lungs

Extrinsic Ligaments: connect the larynx to adjacent structures

Ventricular Folds: also known as the false vocal folds

Thyroarytenoid Muscle: makes up the bulk of the vocal folds

Physiology of Articulation

Velum: elevates and closes off the nasal cavity during productio of most consonants
Intrinsic Tongue Muscles: responsible for fine, graded movements

Alveolar Consonants: consonants prodcuded by elevating the tongue against the bony ridge behind the front teeth

Nasals: consonant sounds that require opening of the velopharyngeal port

Tense Vowels :have a longer duration and more powerful acoustically

Physiology of Phonation

Glottal Fry: a vocal register, the lower limit of the pitch range

Pitch Rises: occurs when the tension of the vocal folds increases

Breathy Attack: occurs when air flows prior to adduction of vocal folds

Posterior Cricoarytenoid: the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds in the larynx

Aditus: cavity of the larynx, considered to be the entryway from the pharynx above

Phisiology of Respiration

Spirometer: instrument that measures lung volume

Tidal Respiration: quiet flow of aur into and out of lungs