cardiac and malarial

What is hypertension?

High blood pressure.

What plant is known for its alkaloid reserpine?

Indian snakeroot.

What neurotransmitters does reserpine deplete?

Serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine.

What condition did reserpine revolutionize the treatment of?

Schizophrenia.

How long does it typically take for reserpine to reduce blood pressure?

3-6 weeks of treatment.

What historical text discusses Ayurvedic medicine and its calming effects?

Charaka Samhita.

What is the primary use of foxglove in medicine?

To treat congestive heart failure.

What are cardiac glycosides?

Compounds like digoxin and digitoxin that strengthen the heart.

What historical condition was referred to as dropsy?

Accumulation of bodily fluids (edema) in the body cavity and limbs.

Who was the first physician to use foxglove in clinical trials?

William Withering.

What is quinine used to treat?

Malaria.

What are the two most common species of Plasmodium that cause malaria?

P. vivax and P. falciparum.

What are the symptoms of malaria?

Fever, chills, sweating, swollen liver and spleen, anemia.

What is the life cycle of the malaria parasite?

Infected mosquito injects sporozoites into the bloodstream, which go to the liver, rupture liver cells, invade red blood cells, and can be transmitted to another host.

What is the significance of Robert Talbor in malaria treatment?

He gained fame for curing King Charles II of malaria with a secret recipe that included powdered quinine bark.

What is artemisinin and where is it derived from?

A chemical from the sweet wormwood plant, effective against Plasmodium.

What is ACT in malaria treatment?

Artemisinin-class combination therapy, combining artemisinin with synthetic quinoline for higher cure rates.

What is the historical significance of cinchona bark?

It was used as an antimalarial agent and led to the discovery of quinine.

What are the side effects of digitalis drugs?

Nausea, excessive salivation, headache, fatigue.

What is the primary use of hydroxchloroquine?

To treat lupus (an autoimmune disease).

What is the impact of synthetic antimalarial drugs?

They have been developed to combat resistance to traditional treatments.

What is the significance of the 1970s for reserpine?

Sales exceeded $30 million annually, but safer synthetic drugs emerged.

What are the main regions where Indian snakeroot is grown?

India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.

What is the role of the anopheles mosquito in malaria?

It transmits the Plasmodium parasite to humans.

What is the effect of digitalis on the heart?

It increases the contractility of the heart muscle while reducing the heart rate.

indian snakeroot

periwinkle

indian snakeroot native to

inida and southeast asia i

indian snakeroot part used 

root 

resperine works by

deplete neurotransmitters

foxglove used for

congestive heart failure from hypertension and arteriosclerosis

dropsy fixed by

foxglove

how does foxglove work 

increase contractibility 

foxglove chemicals

digoxin and digitoxin

quinine / peruvian bark native

andean highlands of aouth america and north central america

what malaria is most pathogenic 

falciparum 

which malaria affects other sp

malarie

semi synthetics of quinine

1. quinidine

2. chlorquine

3. hydroxchloroquine

4. lemefantrine

5. mefloquin

quinidine used for 

atrial fibrillation 

chlorquine

higher activity and low toxicity so good for epidemics

hydroxchloroquine is good for

lupus

lumefantrine 

bad side effects 

cinchona story

robert talbor from jesuits powder

charles ledger

guy who got from stolen seeds

quinine comes from the 

bark 

artemisnin, quinhao, sweet wormwood plant

weed annual her - aster

sweet wormwood native

southeast asia and eastern europe

sweet wormwood chemical 

sesquiterpenoid lactone (artemisinin)

sweet wormwood good because

as effective as chloroquine at killin pasmodium

ACT

artemisinin class combination