11 - CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 2025

Insulin is needed to activate the glucose transporters found in these tissues

Adipose tissues, Striate muscles (cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle)

Glucose transporter that is activated on an insulin-dependent mechanism

GLUT4 transporters

Glucose transporter that facilitates the absorption of fructose

GLUT5 transporters

Glucose transporters that require sodium-dependent active uptake of glucose against a concentration gradient

SGLT1/2 transporters

Vitamins essential in the citric acid cycle

Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5

These refer to processes which replenish the intermediates of the citric acid cycle

Anaplerotic reactions

This enzyme is important in maintaining the adequate concentration of oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle

Pyruvate carboxylase

Major sites of gluconeogenesis in the body

Liver (90%), Kidney (10%)

This process occurs when lactate formed by glycolysis in skeletal muscle is transported to the liver where it is converted back to glucose through gluconeogenesis

Cori cycle

This substance is important in the attachment of glucose to the glycogen substrate

Uridine diphosphate

This protein serves as a primer for glycogen synthesis when glycogen is completely depleted

Glycogenin

Deficient enzyme in Von Gierke disease

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Deficient enzyme in Pompe disease

Lysosomal acid maltase

Deficient enzyme in Cori disease

Debranching enzyme

Deficient enzyme in Andersen disease

Branching enzyme

Deficient enzyme in McArdle syndrome

Muscle phosphorylase

Deficient enzyme in Hers disease

Liver phosphorylase

Deficient enzyme in essential fructosuria

Fructokinase

Deficient enzyme in hereditary fructose intolerance

Aldolase B

This enzyme is lacking in the retina, lens, kidneys, and Schwann cells; Hence, in patients with uncontrolled diabetes, sorbitol accumulates in these tissues

Sorbitol dehydrogenase

This pentose is increased in the urine of patients with essential pentosuria

Xylulose

Most common disease producing enzyme abnormality in humans

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Altered hemoglobin precipitating in the red blood cells of patients with G6PD deficiency

Heinz bodies

These are abnormally shaped red blood cells occurring due to the phagocytic removal of Heinz bodies in the spleen

Bite cells (also known as degmacytes)

Deficient enzyme in chronic granulomatous disease leading to severe, persistent, and chronic pyogenic infections caused by catalase-positive bacteria

NADPH oxidase