Abnormal Psychology CH 11; E3

addictive behavior

addictive behavior

behavior based on the pathological need for a substance

psychoactive substances

affect mental functioning in the central nervous system (CNS), such as alcohol, nicotine, barbiturates, tranquilizers, amphetamines, heroin, ecstasy, and marijuana.

substance abuse

excessive use of a substance resulting in (1) potentially hazardous behavior such as driving while intoxicated or (2) continued use despite a persistent social, psychological, occupational, or health problem.

tolerance

need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effects

substance dependence

severe forms of substance use disorders and usually involves a marked physiological need for increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effects.

withdrawal

physical symptoms such as sweating, tremors, and tension that accompany abstinence from a drug.

dsm-5 substance use disorder

the essential feature of a substance use disorder is a cluster of cognitive, behavioral and physiological symptoms indicating the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems

heavy episodic drinking

consumption of six or more alcoholic drinks on at least one occasion at least once per month

alcohol use disorder

a problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

intoxication

a state of being affected by one or more psychoactive drugs

alcohol-induced psychotic disorders

marked by a temporary loss of contact with reality

alcohol withdrawal delirium

(1) disorientation for time and place (2) vivid hallucinations, particularly of small, fast-moving animals like snakes, rats, and roaches; (3) acute fear, in which these animals may change in form, size, or color in terrifying ways; (4) extreme suggestibility, in which a person can be made to see almost any animal if its presence is merely suggested; (5) marked tremors of the hands, tongue, and lips (6) other symptoms including perspiration, fever, a rapid and weak heartbeat, a coated tongue, and foul breath

alcohol amnestic disorder

memory defect and confabulation

confabulation

falsification of events

mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway (MCLP)

the center of psychoactive drug activation in the brain

alcohol flush reaction

asian and eskimo subjects have shown a tendency to have a hypersensitive reaction including flushing of the skin, a drop in blood pressure, heart palpitations, and nausea following the ingestion of alcohol

moderating variable

variable that influences the association between two other variables.

disulfiram (antabuse)

causes violent vomiting when followed by ingestion of alcohol, may be administered to prevent an immediate return to drinking

naltrexone

opiate antagonist that helps reduce the craving for alcohol by blocking the pleasure-producing effects of alcohol

alcoholics anonymous

a self-help counseling program in which both person-to-person and group relationships are emphasized

motivational interviewing (MI)

clinician guides the patient through a collaborative conversation in which the patient articulates the pros and cons of drinking and ultimately makes a decision about whether she or he is motivated to change

abstinence violation effect

even minor transgressions are seen by the abstainer as having drastic significance

relapse prevention treatment

clients are taught to recognize the apparently irrelevant decisions that serve as early warning signals of the possibility of relapse.

most common psychoactive drugs abused

(1) opiates (2) stimulants (3) sedatives (4) hallucinogens (5) antianxiety drugs (6) pain medications

sedatives

reduces tension, facilitates social interaction, and “blots out” feelings or events

stimulants

increase feelings of alertness and confidence, decrease feelings of fatigue, stay awake for long periods, increase endurance, and stimulate sex drive

opiates

alleviate physical pain, induce relaxation and pleasant, reverie, alleviate anxiety and tension, and treatment of heroin dependence

hallucinogens

induce changes in mood, thought, and behavior, "expand” one’s mind, and induce stupor

antianxiety drugs (minor tranquilizers)

alleviate tension and anxiety, and induce relaxation and sleep

dopamine theory of addiction

addiction is the result of a dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway

reward deficiency syndrome

addiction is much more likely to occur in individuals who have genetic deviations in components of the reward pathway, which leads them to be less satisfied by natural rewards

methamphetamine

“crystal meth” or “ice” because of its appearance, is a highly addictive stimulant drug that can provide an immediate and long-lasting “high.”

amphetamine

drug with high abuse potential that require a prescription for each purchase

caffeine

restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, muscle twitching, and gastrointestinal complaints

tobacco withdrawal disorder

(1) the daily use of nicotine for at least several weeks, and (2) the presence of the following symptoms after nicotine ingestion is stopped or reduced: craving for nicotine; irritability, frustration, or anger; anxiety; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; decreased heart rate; and increased appetite or weight gain.

barbiturates

aid to falling asleep

LSD

person typically goes through about 8 hours of changes in sensory perception, mood swings, and feelings of depersonalization and detachment; LSD experience is not always pleasant.

flashback

involuntary recurrence of perceptual distortions or hallucinations weeks or even months after an individual has taken the drug.

mescaline and psilocybin

enable an individual to see, hear, and otherwise experience events in unaccustomed ways—transporting him or her into a realm of “nonordinary reality.”

ecstasy/MDMA

a hallucinogen and a stimulant that is popular as a party drug among young adults.

hashish

stronger than marijuana

synthetic cannabinoids

produce marijuana-like intoxication but more dangerous side effects

synthetic cathinones

substances that mimic the effects of amphetamines and cocaine by activating the body’s monoamine system

pathological gambling

an addictive disorder because of the personality factors

criterion a

1. impaired control over substance use

2. social impairment

3. risky use

4. pharmacological impact

mild symptoms

2-3 symptoms

moderate symptoms

4-5 symptoms

severe

6+ symptoms

early remission

at least 3 but less then 12 months without substance use disorder criteria (except craving)

sustained remission

at least 12 months without substance use disorder criteria (except craving)

3.8

___% of all global deaths attributable to alcohol

beer

#1 source of alcohol use problems

depresses

higher levels, alcohol ____ brain function

low

____ levels of alcohol stimulate the release of dopamine from the pleasure centers of the brain

0.08 and 0.05

____ DUI in US ____ DUI in Europe

0.5 and 0.55

___ pass out and ___ lethal

15-30

___ percent of heavy drinkers develop cirrhosis of the liver

why treatment needs to include identifying factors that may encourage drinking

robert is an alcoholic. his wife, adele, has a lot of ready excuses to explain his frequent absences to his boss, their friends, and their children. this is an example of ________

become unbalanced by dysfunction

common feature of dysfunctional families

denial

refusal to acknowledge abusive behavior, possibly believing that the situation is normal or even beneficial; also known as the "elephant in the room"

claudia black: 4 Rules of alcoholic families

1. the rule of rigidity

2. the rule of silence

3. the rule of denial

4. the rule of isolation

claudia black: 3 don'ts

don’t Talk don’t Trust don’t Feel

morphine

introduced in america around 1856; used to treat the wounded in the civil war

heroin

more potent and acts more rapidly than morphine and is even more addictive

cocaine

a plant product discovered in ancient times

tobacco withdrawal

symptoms begin within 24 hours of stopping or cutting down, peak at 2-3 days, and last 2-3 weeks (though some symptoms remain for months)