U.S. Industrialization, Labor Movements, and Westward Expansion: Key Concepts and Events

Taylorism

Used scientific principles to improve industrial production

McCormick reaper production increase

Caused by interchangeable parts

U.S. industrial output by 1913

Greater than Britain, France, and Germany combined

First billion-dollar U.S. corporation

United States Steel

Richest 10% wealth share by 1900

Controlled about 90% of the nation's wealth

Social Darwinism

Claimed helping the weak hurts human progress

Event that damaged Knights of Labor

Haymarket Affair

Most radical labor group

Knights of Labor

Strikes and lockouts (1880-1900)

Over 20,000 occurred

Founders of the Populist Party

Small farmers in South, Midwest, Great Plains

Omaha Platform proposals

National railroads, subtreasuries, silver money

Populist Party disunity

Caused by racial conflict

Bryan's stance on Gold Standard

Wanted inflation to ease farmer debt

McKinley's 1896 victory

Due to more money, support, and votes

Socialist Party early success

1,000 offices, 150k members, 1M votes

Homestead Act

Granted 160 acres after 5 years of settlement

Main reason people moved west

Access to farmland

Start of Dakota Uprising (1862)

Killing of five settlers by Santee Sioux

Lincoln's Sioux Uprising response

Ordered 303 executions

Cause of Red River War

U.S. forced Comanche onto reservations

Funding of transcontinental railroad

Government loans and land grants

Purpose of cattle drives

Move cattle to railroad markets

Cowboy traditions came from

Mexican ranchers

Major railroad hub city

Chicago

Group receiving most government land

Railroad companies

Purpose of Dawes Act

Split tribal lands into private family plots

Ghost Dance promises

Dead return, buffalo return, whites disappear

Women in early rodeos

About 10% of contestants

Popularity of Wild West shows

Reflected nostalgia and masculinity fears

Turner's Frontier Thesis

Frontier shaped American democracy and hard work

City with largest meat industry

Chicago

Railroads' impact on economy

Created managers, labor unions, and more government control

Census showing majority urban

1920 census

Immigrant population in northern cities (1890)

60%

Group NOT preserving immigrant culture

Rotary clubs

Immigrant voting pattern

Mostly Democratic Party

False claim about New South boosters

Wanted less connection with North

African Americans killed by mobs (1880-1950)

Around 5,000

Author of Southern Horrors

Ida B. Wells

Tactics against Black voters

Poll taxes, literacy tests, violence

The Lost Cause

Romanticized the Confederacy and the Old South

Main part of southern economy

Agriculture

Tainted money debate

Over accepting Rockefeller's donation to missions

Muscular Christianity

Movement promoting manliness and moral strength

Authors opposing Victorian norms

Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin

Groups moving west after Civil War

Freed African Americans and poor white farmers

Act offering free western land

Homestead Act (1862)

Farming invention

Barbed wire

Cowboy job

Driving cattle to northern railroads

Immigrants before 1871

From Northern and Western Europe

Immigrant processing center

Ellis Island

Reason cities grew

Industrial jobs

Immigration-limiting acts

Chinese Exclusion Act and Immigration Act of 1924

Photographer exposing slums

Jacob Riis

Institution that Americanized immigrants

Public schools

Effects of urbanization

Overcrowding, poor sanitation, rise of slums

Economy with minimal government interference

Laissez-faire

Reasons for industrial growth

Resources, inventions, and workers

Rockefeller's industry

Oil

Vanderbilt's industry

Railroads

J.P. Morgan's industry

Banking and finance

Carnegie's industry

Steel

Ford's invention

Assembly line cars

Bell's invention

Telephone

Wright Brothers' invention

Airplane

Edison's invention

Light bulb

Conflict in the West

Native Americans losing land and being forced onto reservations