AP WORLD UNIT 5

Commodore Matthew Perry

US naval guy who forced Japan to trade with USA. The acceptance of which caused collapse of Tokugawa Shogunate

Charter Oath

Japanese oath which abolished Feudalism and encouraged industrialization during Meiji Restoration period

Zaibatsu

Powerful Japanese individuals or families who were sold economic industries in Japan

Muhammad Ali

Took Egypt from the Ottomans with the state-sponsored industrialization of cotton

Utopian Socialism

People who liked Socialism- an ideology where factories and industries are publicly owned by the people

Liberalism

Philosophy focusing on the rights of the individual, liberty, and political equality. Similar to John Locke

Empiricism

The belief that all knowledge comes from your own experience (must be tangible to be real). Could be used to support atheism

Social Contract

Idea focused on by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke which argued the role of a government on the rights of individuals

Thomas Hobbes

Believed that life was bleak without government. Saw social contract as people giving a government some of their rights in exchange for protection and law

John Locke

Believed that people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property. These rights couldn’t be taken by the government. Also believed that children were a “tabula rasa” - blank slate waiting to be filled with knowledge

Baron Montesquieu

Wrote The Spirit of Laws outlining a constitutional government with executive, legislative, and judiciary branches.

Volitare

Campaigned for a constitutional monarchy in France, he also influenced the constitution with his vision of religious liberty.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Expanding on the Social Contract Theory creating the idea of a popular sovereignty where it was the obligation of a sovereign to carry out the general will. Didn’t have same progressive views on feminism and his Emile, or On Education shows his conservative views on rearing.

Deism

An Ideology saying God is real, but just spun the universe into place

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women arguing that women should get equal education and vote. Special because she used reason in her argument

Zionism

An ideology led by Theodor Herzl saying that Jews should have rightful homeland in Middle East. This gained popularity after the Dreyfus Affair where Alfred Dreyfus was wrongly convicted.

Declaration of Independence

American Document where Thomas Jefferson heavily drew on enlightenment ideals from John Locke (natural rights)

Causes of French Revolution

France was under economic stress due to funding American revolution. French Soldiers inspired by American Revolution returned to France with Enlightenment ideals, but French Monarch still ruled. Estates General was unfair due to unproportional amount of seats sparking the third estate to break away

Duration of French Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man abolishing feudalism and declaring rights was denied by King Louis XVI, but after Jacobins and Maxim Robespierre’s Reign of terror This document was accepted.

Haiti Revolution Causes and effects

African slaves rebelled on Sugar colony of Haiti because of the lack of their rights and the hypocrisy of French Revolution Enlightenment proclamation. This Revolt was led by Toussaint L’Ouverture who overthrew French Colonizers and got Haiti’s independence.

Compare and Contrast Haiti vs France

Both were inspired by enlightenment ideals and due to the limited political freedom of the lower class. They were different because Haitians had more severe restraints with the rebellion being fought by people without rights.

Latin American Revolutions

Creoles wanted power from the Peninsulares and were inspired by the French Revolution to Rebel. Simon Bolivar was a creole leader who outlined his desires in the Jamaica Letter. The result of these revolutions was just the transfer of power from Peninsulares to Creoles, nothing revolutionary

Propaganda Movement

Movement in the Philippines called the propaganda movement advocating enlightenment ideals. Originated when Smart Filipinos went to Europe for education. When the founder Jose Rizal was killed it turned into a revolution against Spanish Rule.

Count di Cavour

Italian guy who used nationalism to unify the entire Italian Peninsula. Used realpolitik (politics of reality) and used manipulation to get Italian unity through wars.

Giuseppe mazzini

Other Italian who allied with Cavour

Otto von Bismarck

Used Nationalist sentiments to fuel the unification of Germany through wars such as the war against Austria.

Seed Drill & Crop Rotation

Agricultural Technology which assisted in planting more seeds. Agricultural method which rotated different crops to different fields each year. This agricultural innovation ultimately led to the urbanization

Cottage System

Merchants provided raw cotton to Women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes. This system gave women some economic independence despite the low pay, but was replaced by the factory system due to its inefficiency

Water Frame

This frame used waterpower with a water wheel to spin cloth, but was very bulky so it had to be in factories. This was much more efficient, but led to the development of the factory system where women would go to a factory to mass produce cloth.

Eli Whitney

He made interchangable parts for firearms so if one part broke, it could be replaced without having to get a new gun. This development led to Whitney’s system where work was specialized with workers only focusing on one component of a gun.

Britan’s Advantages

Britain had waterways to transport and power urbanization or industrialization efforts, Strong Navy to bring goods in, protection of private property and entrepreneurship.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Large Railroad which stretched across Russia and facilitated the trade with East Asian Countries. It also allowed the development of the steel and coal industries in Russia.

First Industrial Revolution vs Second Industrial Revolution

First focused on Coal to make textiles using steam engines by James Watt. This revolutionized transportation with steamboats allowing faster transportation and making coaling stations along trade routes. The second one focused more on Oil, Steel, Precision Machines, and Electronics. This revolutionized communications with the telegraph and the Phone by Alexander Graham Bell.

Transcontinental Railroad

Cross US Railroad which were funded by public funds and allowed goods to be quickly transported

Bessemer Process

A more efficient way to produce steel utilized by Alfred Krupp in Germany to make a monopoly,

Four Features of a Corporation

Limited Liability (individual funders are not subject to losses greater than the amount of their investment), Transferability of Shares (Stock Shares can be transferred from one investor to another), Juridical Personality (The corporation acts like a person and can be sued). Indefinite Duration (the corporation can last longer than the life of the founders).

John Stuart Mill

British philosopher who Criticized Laissez-Faire capitalization because of worker rights infringements. Instead he wanted legal reforms allowing labor unions and limiting child labor. This was also called Utilitarianism.

Karl Marx

Thought Capitalism was an advance on feudalism, defined two classes - bourgeoisie and proletariat, and thought socialism would replace capitalism which would be replace by communism where all class distinctions would end.

Sultan Mahmud II

Ottoman ruler who organized the Tanzimat Reforms to westernize education and got rid of millets (separate legal courts for different religions communities). Unsuccessful because it conflicted with Christian’s autonomy and Muslim’s traditions. Also limited women’s rights more by getting rid of their direct property rights

Young Turks

Young advocates for reform who were exiled into Europe by Sultan Abdulhamid. They eventually came back from this and kicked Abdulhamid out establishing a constitutional government, but didn’t get too much support due to trying to make whole state speak Turkish

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress who played a major role in calming the Taiping Rebellion. She really hated foreign powers though so she funded the Boxer Rebellion against foreign influence. This was met with European opposition and they gunned down Boxers.

Hundred Days of Reform

Reform Policies adopted by Emperor Guangxu for 100 days abolishing the civil service service system and adopting western industrialization, but Conservative Cixi didn’t like it so shut it down.

Cult of Domesticity

Ideology propagating that women were the homemakers and should always make home a place the husband wants to go after a long shift of work. This was especially difficult for low class women who had to work their own jobs while balancing the home.

Environmental Effects of Industrialization

Smog from factories damaged air quality, water became polluted with factories dumping waste into them. Cholera and Typhoid ravaged these tenements.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Chinese movement to defensively westernize. Attempted to reform military tech by training artisans to make guns. British and France also helped because they wanted China to be able to pay back debt.