Studied by 2 peopleStatistically unusual behavior
Behavior that occurs infrequently
Socially unacceptable behavior
Behavior that is considered unacceptable within a given culture
Dysfunctional behavior
Behavior that is ineffective in meeting one's goals
harmful dysfunction employs 2 criteria
1: harm which is a societal judgment that the behavior is undesirable.
2: the system is failing to perform the function...
Personally distressing behavior
Behavior or feelings that are uncomfortable or upsetting to the person experiencing them
4 components of abnormal behavior
Statistically unusual behavior
Socially Unacceptable Behavior
Dysfunctional Behavior
Personally Destressing behavior
5 components that define metal illness according to DSM 5
The disorder occurs within the individual.
involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling, or behaving.
It involves dysfunction in processes that support mental functioning.
It is not a culturally specific reaction to an event (e.g., death of a loved one).
It is not primarily a result of social deviance or conflict with society
4 Disadvantages of Diagnoses
Loss of information
stereotype
stigma
effect on self-concept
4 Advantages of Diagnoses
facilitate communication
emphasize commonalities in those with disorder & guide treatment
assist in making progress
aid in conceptualization of disorders
5 stages of Freud's psychosexual theory
oral (birth to 2)
anal (2 to 3 years)
phallic (3 to 6)
latency (7 to puberty)
genital (puberty on)
Trust v.s Mistrust
Age Birth to 2. Developing basic trust in self and other's through feeding and caretaking
Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt
1-3. Gaining a sense of competence through success in toileting and mastering environment
Initiative vs. Guilt
3-6. Gaining Parental approval for initiative rather than guilt over inadequacy
Industry vs. Inferiority
5-12. Curiosity and eagerness to learn leads to a sense of competence or inadequacy
Idenitity vs. Role confusion
11-20. Identity crisis is a struggle to answer question "who am I"
Intimacy vs. self-absorption
18-30. Aloneness of young adult resolved by forming friendships and a lasting intimate relationship
Generativity vs. Stagnation
25-79.Success in work but especially in raising the next generation or failure to be productive.
Integrity vs. Despair
65 on. Satisfaction with the life one lived rather than despair over lost opportunities.
Freud is to __________ as Erikson is to _________
psychosexual; psychosocial
Difference between Freud & Erikson's theories
Freud's ends in Early Adulthood while Erikson expands his until late life. More differences after ages 3-6.
How are Freud's & Eriksons theories similar?
-both psychoanalytic theories on human development.
-realize importance of unconscious on development
-separate their theories into specific stages that follow similar age patterns.
What is a Defense Mechanism?
When the ego creates strategies to protect itself from anxiety (anxiety happens when Ego can't balance the Id and Super Ego).
Give 3 examples of Defense Mechanisms
Denial
repression
projection
What is the defense mechanism denail?
Blocking external events from awareness. If a situation is too much to handle, the person refuses to experience it
What is the defense mechanism repression?
Unconcious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious
What is the defense mechanism projection?
Individuals attributing their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person.
Id (Primary functions)
Unconscious, pleasure principle, immediate gratification, biological urges
Ego (Primary functions)
Primarily Conscious, reality principle (attempt to gratify Id & not provoke Super Ego)
Super Ego (primary functions)
Conscience, moral standards
Genotype vs phenotype
The genotype is the set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particular trait. The phenotype is the physical expression, or characteristics, of that trait.
Diathesis-stress model
The notion that hypothetically influenced diathesis creates a vulnerability that leads to disorder only if the individual experiences stressors that activate the vulnerability
Advantages of case studies
•Offer tentative support for a theory
•May challenge support for a theory's assumptions
•May show value of a new assessment or therapy technique
•May offer opportunity to study unusual (rare) problem
Disadvantages of case studies
-Observers are biased
-Data collection relies on subjective evidence
-May provide little basis for generalization (low external validity)
Incidence
NEW cases
Prevalence
Total cases
Epidemiological Study
Study of frequency & distribution of disorders. Large samples very clear operational definitions. No control or manipulation (like case studies).
4 key ingredients for experiment
Controlled setting
random assignment
independent variable manipulated
measure effects of treatment
Behaviorism
Relieving symptomatic behavior by suppressing or replacing maladaptive behaviors
Systematic desensitization
Starts with minimal anxiety producing condition and gradually gets to worst fear.
Flooding
Anxiety-eliciting therapeutic technique involving having a client repeatedly experience the actual internal or external stimuli that had been identified as producing anxiety reactions.
Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement you reward a behavior after it happens
Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcement you stop an aversive stimuli when something good happens.
Exposure
a type of therapy used to treat anxiety disorders that involves exposing the patient to the feared object or context without any danger in order to overcome the anxiety.
Extinction
Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when it is no longer enforced
Free Association
Method for probing the unconscious by having patients talk freely about themselves, their feelings, and their motives
Structured Interview
Follow a predetermined set of questions. More reliable than unstructured but may take longer to administer with some tangential questions.
Unstructured Interview
Typically subjective and do not follow predetermined set of questions. Important criteria for DSM 5 diagnosis may be skipped, responses are difficult to quantify, or compare. Up-side may be more sensitive to client's needs/problems, follow-up questions may provide more info.
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)
Provides a structured and quantifiable format for rating clinical symptoms such as overconcern with physical symptoms, anxiety, emotional withdrawal, guilt, hostility, suspiciousness, and unusual thought patterns.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
taps a subject's unconscious to reveal repressed aspects of personality, motives and needs for achievement, power and intimacy, and problem-solving abilities. Popularly known as the picture interpretation technique because it uses a standard series of provocative yet ambiguous pictures about which the subject is asked to tell a story. The subject is asked to tell as dramatic a story as they can for each picture presented
Objective Personality Tests
structured (typically use questionnaires, self-report inventories, or rating scales). Enhanced reliablity
NEO-PI
Objective. Provides info on the major dimensions in personality. Widely used in evaluating personality factors in the normal-range population.
MCMI-III (Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory)
Objective. Developed to evaluate the underlying personality dimensions among clients in psychological treatment or before therapy.
MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
over 500 true or false items. Has 10 clinical scales (Empirical keying). Used in several ways to evaluate patient's personality characteristics and clinical problems. diagnostic standard, but can be difficult or long test to take
Advantages of Objective personality tests
cost effective, highly reliable, and objective, can be scored/interpreted by computer.
Disadvantages of Objective personality test
Considered too mechanistic to portray complexity of human beings, illiterate or confused patients can't take test, relies on compliance of person (can try to lie)
Rorschach Inkblot test
Use of 10 inkblot pictures to which a subject responds with associations that come to mind. Analysis of these responses enables a clinician to infer personality characteristics.
Beck Depression Inventory
21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression
ACIPS (The Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale)
a measure designed to assess hedonic capacity for social and interpersonal pleasure. A brief, self-report measure of hedonic capacity for social interaction and interpersonal engagement in both nonclinical and clinical samples
ABAB Design
Experimental design, often involves one subject, whein a baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment (B). To confirm that the treatment resulted in a change in behavior, the treatment is then withdrawn (A) and reinstated (B).
Analogue Studies
Studies where a researcher attempts to imitate the conditions hypothesized as leading to abnormality
Comorbidity
Occurrence of two or more identified disorders in the same person.
External validity
The extent to which the findings from a study are relevant to other populations, contexts, or times.
Internal Validity
Extent to which a study is free of confounds, is methodologically sound, and allows the researcher to have confidence in the findings.
Dorothea Dix
A leader of the asylum (mental hospital movement) during the 1830s and Civil War period.
John Watson
an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism
B.F. Skinner
one of the most influential of American psychologists. A behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning -- the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again.
Classical Conditioning
Basic form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus(US) that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UR). After repeated pairings the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR).
Operant Conditioning
the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again
Genotype environment correlation
Genotypic vulnerability that can shape a child's environmental experiences
Genotype-environment interaction
Differential sensitivity or susceptibility to their environments by people who have different genotypes.
Schema
Underlying representation of knowledge that guides current processing of info and often leads to distortions in attention, memory, and comprehension.
Attribution
Process of assigning causes to things that happen
Synapse
Site of communication form the axon of one neuron to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron- a tiny filled space between neurons.
Neurotransmitter
Chemical substance that is released into a synapse by a presynaptic neuron and that transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
Axon
The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. The long skinny connection between cells.
Dendrite
a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.
Dopamine
Neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers. Dopamine also helps regulate movement and emotional responses, and it enables us not only to see rewards, but to take action to move toward them. Dopamine deficiency results in Parkinson's Disease. Schizophrenia & addictive disorders
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine is a chemical released from the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress
GABA
A is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which means that it weakens or slows down signals. Because of its inhibitory function, GABA plays an important role in anxiety.
Serotonin
Neurotransmitter thought to be involved in a wide range of psychopathological conditions. regulate mood, appetite, sleep, memory and learning, also involved in SSRIs. Anxiety/depression/suicide
Therapeutic Alliance
The therapeutic relationship (also therapeutic alliance, the helping alliance, or the working alliance) refers to the relationship between a healthcare professional and a client (or patient). It is the means by which a therapist and a client hope to engage with each other, and effect beneficial change in the client.
Randomized Clinical Trial
A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best.
Antabuse
Drug used in treatment of alcoholism (Makes you nauseous when you drink alc)
Token Economy
Reinforcement techniques often used in hospital or institutional settings where patients are rewarded for socially constructive behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for good things.
Transference
In psychodynamic therapy, a process whereby clients project onto the therapist attitudes and feelings that they have had for a parent or others close to them
Manifest Content
In psychoanalytic theory, the apparent (obvious) meaning of a dream; masks the latent or hidden content
Latent content
The repressed actual motives of a dream in psychoanalytic theory, that are seeking expression but are so painful or unacceptable they are disguised by manifest content.
Behavioral Activation
Treatment for depression in which the patient and the therapist work together to help the patient find ways to become more active and engage with life.
Contingency Management
most-widely used in the field of substance abuse, often implemented as part of clinical behavior analysis. CM refers to the application of the three-term contingency (or operant conditioning), which uses stimulus control and positive reinforcement to change behavior.
Glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter implicated in schizophrenia
what type of defense mechanism is this: Sally recently lost her mom in a scary accident, but she does not want to address it or think about it so she does everything she can to avoid think about.
denial
what type of DF is this: Megan one day got humiliated by her entire lecture hall in hopes of completely forgetting about she shoves it down whenever she remembers it
repression
what type of DF is this: Sam is super mad about her grade in her english class, but instead of trying to understand what she could’ve done wrong she blames it on the fact that the teacher does not like her.
projection
what type of DF is this: Ally had a long hard day teaching and instead of working through her anger she gets into a fight with her husband
displacement
What type of DF is this: after a recent earthquake that really scared ben he has resorted to sleeping with his favorite childhood stuffed animal
regression
what type of DF is this: shelly likes to smoke every night before bed, her friends call her out but she quickly fights back and makes it seem less abnormal
rationalization
what type of DF: Nicki just lost her job so she spends all day long making a spreadsheet of different types of jobs she could apply for.
Intellectualization
Note
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