Social Psychology (3): Getting Closer

Do people’s dating preferences predict who they want to date?

No, studies show preferences do not predict who people choose; attraction is more random than we think. (Joel et al., 2017)

What non-verbal signals show romantic interest?

• Smiling

• Eye contact

• Synchronised gestures

• Mimicking

• Touching face/neck/torso

• Reduced distance

• Oriented body position

• Warm speech

• Laughter

How has technology changed how people meet partners?

Online dating has increased dramatically since the 2000s, especially among younger adults (53% of 18–29yo) and non-heterosexuals (51%). 10 million in UK 2022.

Can online dating algorithms find a better match?

Matching algorithms are secretive and self-reported preferences don’t reliably predict compatibility→ Instead meeting lots of people and self-improvement are better strategies.

Why can online dating be disappointing?

Reality may not match our imagined version of someone.

What is Interdependence Theory in relationships?

Relationship satisfaction depends on rewards minus costs; costs 5x more impactful.

What are examples of rewards and costs in relationships?

• Rewards: Desirable experiences

• Costs: Undesirable experiences (both can be tangible or social).

What makes people stay in relationships according to the Investment Model?

• Satisfaction

• Alternatives

• Investment

What is the biggest predictor of relationship commitment? (Investment Model)

Satisfaction

How can high investment affect relationships?

It can help overcome difficulties but also trap people in unhealthy relationships (e.g., returning to abusive partners).

Why is commitment important in relationships?

It reduces the appeal of alternatives, promotes constructive responses to dissatisfaction, and encourages sacrifices.

Attachment

An emotional bond providing protection, comfort, and support.

What are the key attachment processes? (Bowlby)

• Proximity

• Safe Haven

• Secure Base

What is essential for developing secure attachment?

Responsive caregiving

What two dimensions measure attachment orientation?

• Anxiety over abandonment

• Avoidance of intimacy

What are characteristics of secure attachment (low anxiety, low avoidance)?

• Comfort seeking when distressed

• Belief that distress is manageable

• Stable and satisfying relationships

What are characteristics of dismissive-avoidant attachment (low anxiety, high avoidance)?

• Value independence

• Avoid seeking support

• Expect relationship failure

• Feel relief after breakups

What are characteristics of anxious-preoccupied attachment (high anxiety, low avoidance)?

• Hypervigilance about loss

• Excessive reliance on others

• Demanding attention

• Difficulty recovering from breakups

Can attachment style change over time?

It is mostly stable, but life experiences like breakups or new relationships can shift attachment styles. (More secure with age)