Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

Enantiomers

________: isomers that are mirror images of each other.

Organic chemistry

________: the study of compounds that contain carbon, regardless of origin.

three examples of molecules that distinguish living matter that are composed of carbon compounds

Proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates

why is it good that ATP is NOT a stable molecule

This allows ADP to be formed by releasing a phosphate groups, which then become inorganic

Is fat or sugar more efficient to break down?

Fat

Hydrocarbons

________: organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

how are estradiol and testosterone alike?

estradiol and testosterone are both steroids with a common carbon skeleton, in the form of four used rings

electron configuration of carbon

The ________ gives it covalent compatibility with many different events.

Cis-trans isomers

________ require a double or triple bond and react differently in reactions.

Electron configuration

________ is the key to an atoms characteristics.

valence

The ________ of carbon and its most frequent partners (hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) are the building code for the architecture of living molecules.

why is carbon so important to many different forms of life?

Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and varied molecules.

Isomers

________: compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.

Valence

________: the number of covalent bonds an atom can form.

Adenosine Triphosphate

________ (ATP): an important organic phosphate that is the basis of life.

molecular complexity, diversity

Variation in carbon skeletons is an important source of the ________ and ______ of living matter.

Structural isomers

________: have different covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Functional groups

________: the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.

what is ATP made up of?

ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups.

Electron configuration

________ determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms.

Hydrocarbons

________ can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy.

why are enantiomers important in the pharmaceutical industry

enantiomers are important in the pharmaceutical industry as two enantiomers of a drug may have different effects — used to make different medications

Carbon has 4 valence electrons, so…

it can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms, making large complex molecules possible

where is ATP made?

ATP is made in the inner- lining of the mitochondria

organic chemistry

the study of compounds that contain carbon, regardless of origin

why are we carbon based, not silicon based?

silicon holds onto other elements too strongly, so it can’t let go of elements easily when elements need to be used by the organism

valence

the number of covalent bonds an atom can form

hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

structural isomers

have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

cis-trans isomers

have the same covalent bonds, but differ in their spatial arrangements

enantiomers

isomers that are mirror images of each other

True or False: estradiol and testosterone are antagonist hormones

False

functional groups

the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

an important organic phosphate that is the basis of life

carbon chains

_________ form the skeletons of most organic molecules

True or False: carbon chain vary in length and shape

True

what is carbon most frequently bonded to?

oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen