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Character Displacement
Divergence in traits caused by competition between species where differences become exaggerated
Character release
In the absence of competition, there is a greater overlap in traits than when both species are found are found together
Profitability equation
Energy / Handling time
When to choose one prey over another (eq)
E1/H1 > E2/H2
When to eat prey 2
E2/H2 > E1 / (S1+H1)
Generalists wrt S and H
Prefer short S and H
Specialists wrt S and H
Long S and H
How to increase Search Tiem?
Camouflage/Crypsis and polymorphism
How to increase handling time
Anti-predator defends and toxins
Nash equilibrium
No player has incentives to change strategies based on what others are doing
3 pillars of ecology
Levels of analysis, optimality and game theory
Parker 1972 model of evolution of dimorphism gametes
Test
Primary, Secondary and tertiary sex ratio
Primary=at conception, 2=at birth, 3=at sexual maturity
Local resource competition
Test
Maternal sex ratio (distorter)
Fertilize all eggs = 100% daughters
Son killer (distorter)
Bacteria kills unfertilized eggs so no sons produced
Paternal sex ratio (distorter)
Convert fertilized haploid eggs into haploid = 100% sons
Wollacia (distorter)
Bacteria feminized makes, inducing parthenogenesis and sperm incompetency
How do bird manipulate sex ratios?
Maternal stress hormone levels
How do mammals manipulate sex ratios? 2
Maternal testosterone hypothesis (more T= more male offspring)
Good condition hypothesis: maternal glucose levels post-conception and dietary fat (high fat & glucose = more males)
