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politics
all activities related to government, including rivalries among those competing for power.
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19th c Liberalism
the political philosophy that emphasizes the rights of the individual and the idea that the government should have a limited role in lives of citizens.
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19th c Conservatism
A movement of people who believed that governments were more stable when based on traditional sources of power such as the monarchy and church.
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Popular Sovereignty
the idea that the people, rather than just nobility/king should hold the greatest power in society.
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Great Reform Act of 1832
Widened the right to vote (for men) and balanced representation in Parliament across all districts.
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Corn Laws
1815 tariff on imported grain in Britain to protect domestic farmers (opposed by Urban areas).
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Anti-Corn Law League
Group who opposed high tariffs on imported wheat and regulation of the wheat trade in order to lower food prices for urban areas.
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enlightened self-interest
the idea that a person can see how acting for the good of society also benefits themselves.
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Jeremy Bentham
British author/philosopher/social reformer who came up with the Utilitarian Philosophy.
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Utilitarianism
The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
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John Stuart Mill
19th Century Liberal in favor of expanding voting rights, eliminating corruption in government, and equal rights for women.
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social liberty
The idea, promoted by John Stuart Mill, that everyone was entitled to seek happiness as long as they did no harm to others in the process.
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Chartism
A working class Political reform movement in Britain, that favored universal male suffrage and secret ballots for voting
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Universal Male Suffrage
The idea that all men, no matter their economic status, should have the right to vote.
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suffrage
the right to vote
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Flora Tristan
Socialist and feminist who called for working woman's social and political rights and improving the working and living conditions of all workers in mid-19th century.
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Socialism
a political and economic system under which the means of production (how people get and create manufactured goods) are owned or controlled by society and/or government and used for the public good.
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Henri Saint-Simon
Founder of the philosophy of Utopian Socialism
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Utopian Socialism
a philosophy that promoted the idea of a society led by intellectuals providing for the welfare of the lowest classes based on the Christian ideals of loving kindness and charity.
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Charles Fourier
French reformer who supported the idea of intentional communities.
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Robert Owen
British Reformer who supported the idea of intentional communities
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intentional communities
small societies governed by the principles of utopian socialism. All property is owned communally (by all members of the society).
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Karl Marx
Author of the Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels. Founder of communism.
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Marxism
a branch of socialism, that holds that the more powerful classes oppress and exploit the less powerful by denying them their fair share of the surplus they create but that the lower class will rise up and overthrow the upper.
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historical determinism
The belief that history, like physics and chemistry, followed underlying laws that were entirely predictable. In this case of human nature that determined how events would unfold.
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Communism
The idea that all property used to produce goods would be owned collectively by the people and all social classes would disappear. No private property.
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Clara Zetkin
German Marxist who focused on women's issues in the Communist Party and supported international workers' movements.
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Rosa Luxemburg
radical female German socialist; Believed workers had a right to take up arms against oppressive government. Was murdered in aftermath of WWI by right-wing Germans
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Anarchism
The theory that all forms of government should be abolished. Society should be based on the voluntary cooperation of all members.
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Mikhail Bakunin
Russian anarchist. Supported the violent overthrow of established governments and the destruction of property owned by Capitalists.
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Georges Sorel
believed socialism would come to power in a general strike of the workers, who would be controlled by a small revolutionary elite
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Syndicalism
Belief that after the overthrow of Capitalism by labor unions, all property would be transferred to labor unions who would organize workers into small, self-supporting groups.
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