Test:: HOMEOSTASIS &CELL TRANSPORT TEACHER SUPPORT
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FLUID MOSIAC MODEL
Fluid"-the phospholipid bilayer is viscous and individual phospholipids can move position
▪"Mosaic"-the phospholipid bilayer is embedded with different kinds of macromolecules
In biology, the membrane fluidity refers to the viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane.
▪"Mosaic"-the phospholipid bilayer is embedded with different kinds of macromolecules
In biology, the membrane fluidity refers to the viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane.
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS A MEMBRANE
Size of molecule: smaller molecules can move across membrane more easily and have a higher rate of diffusion.
2.Concentration gradient:Thelarger the difference in concentration of a substance in and out of a cell the higher the rate of diffusion.High →low orlow →high(WITH)(AGAINST)
3.Temperature:The higher the temperature the higher the rate of diffusion.
4.Polarity of molecules:polar and non-polar molecules can only pass through like regions of the membrane
5.Surface area:The more surface area compared to volume the higher the rate of diffusion.
6. Membrane thickness:The thinner the membrane the higher the rate of diffusion because the molecules have less of a distance to travel.
2.Concentration gradient:Thelarger the difference in concentration of a substance in and out of a cell the higher the rate of diffusion.High →low orlow →high(WITH)(AGAINST)
3.Temperature:The higher the temperature the higher the rate of diffusion.
4.Polarity of molecules:polar and non-polar molecules can only pass through like regions of the membrane
5.Surface area:The more surface area compared to volume the higher the rate of diffusion.
6. Membrane thickness:The thinner the membrane the higher the rate of diffusion because the molecules have less of a distance to travel.
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STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE:
Phospholipid bilayer(Two molecules: phosphate heads with lipid tails)
➢Proteins:Integral and Peripheral proteins•Integral proteins are embedded in phospholipids of the membrane•Peripheral proteins are attached to the surface of the membrane
➢Cholesterol/steroids:used for structural stability
➢Glycoproteins/ Glycolipids:are responsible for transporting molecules, determine which proteins are exported (secreted), which are incorporated into the cell membrane, production of enzymes, involved in cell-cell recognition and adhesion/attachment and recognition of self vs. other by the immune system.
➢Proteins:Integral and Peripheral proteins•Integral proteins are embedded in phospholipids of the membrane•Peripheral proteins are attached to the surface of the membrane
➢Cholesterol/steroids:used for structural stability
➢Glycoproteins/ Glycolipids:are responsible for transporting molecules, determine which proteins are exported (secreted), which are incorporated into the cell membrane, production of enzymes, involved in cell-cell recognition and adhesion/attachment and recognition of self vs. other by the immune system.
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HYDROPHOBIC and HYDROPHILIC:
properties of phospholipids help maintain the structure of cell membranes.
•Polar "PHOSPHATE HEAD" -hydrophilic nature: orients itself toward water molecules
•Two nonpolar "LIPIDTAILS" -hydrophobic nature: orient themselves away from water
•Polar "PHOSPHATE HEAD" -hydrophilic nature: orients itself toward water molecules
•Two nonpolar "LIPIDTAILS" -hydrophobic nature: orient themselves away from water
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FUNCTION OF MEMBRANE PROTIENS:
1.channels for passive transport (Without ATP)
2.pumps for active transport (WIth ATP)
2.pumps for active transport (WIth ATP)
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CONCENTRATION GRADIENT:
Molecules that move with
the concentration gradient move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.IE:If more molecules of oxygen are outside the cell than inside the cell, oxygen will move into the cell across the membrane.
If more carbon dioxide molecules are inside the cell than outside the cell, carbon dioxide will move out of the cell across the membrane.
the concentration gradient move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.IE:If more molecules of oxygen are outside the cell than inside the cell, oxygen will move into the cell across the membrane.
If more carbon dioxide molecules are inside the cell than outside the cell, carbon dioxide will move out of the cell across the membrane.
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PASSAGE OF MATERIAL:
Certain types of substances pass through the cell membrane more easily than others.
❖Small molecules such as water, glucose, amino acids, oxygen, carbon dioxide, lipid molecules move through the cell membrane without difficulty.
❖Large molecules such as starch, and proteins cannot move freely into the cell
❖Molecules that move across the membrane must move through EITHER way:1.lipid layer of the cell membrane 2.carrier/transport proteins within the membrane
❖Small molecules such as water, glucose, amino acids, oxygen, carbon dioxide, lipid molecules move through the cell membrane without difficulty.
❖Large molecules such as starch, and proteins cannot move freely into the cell
❖Molecules that move across the membrane must move through EITHER way:1.lipid layer of the cell membrane 2.carrier/transport proteins within the membrane
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ENERGY REQUIREMENT: ROLE OF ATP
•When molecules are entering or leaving the cell, larger molecules that need to be brought into the cell require energy in the form of ATP.
▪ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is an energy rich molecule created in the mitochondria during cellular respiration. Made in mitochondria
▪ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is an energy rich molecule created in the mitochondria during cellular respiration. Made in mitochondria
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
glucose+oxygen→carbon dioxide+water+ energy
C6H1206+6O2→6CO2+6H20+ ATP
Active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis ALL REQUIRE ENERGY from the cell to move substances across the plasma membrane.
C6H1206+6O2→6CO2+6H20+ ATP
Active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis ALL REQUIRE ENERGY from the cell to move substances across the plasma membrane.
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DIFFUSION
DEFINITION: passive process by which ions or molecules of a substance moves from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration (down/with concentration gradient)
❖Occurs without the need of additionalenergy→passive process
❖Not all substances can enter or leave cell because cell membrane is selectively permeable.
❖Occurs without the need of additionalenergy→passive process
❖Not all substances can enter or leave cell because cell membrane is selectively permeable.
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Simple Diffusion
❖Substances include oxygen, and carbon dioxide molecules to diffuse into the cell.
❖These gases move through the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane
❖These gases move through the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane
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Facilitated Diffusion
Substances include amino acids, glucose and other small inorganic ions and minerals
❖This is the process the same of diffusion, EXCEPT it is the movement of substances with the concentration gradient by the help of transport proteins.
❖This is the process the same of diffusion, EXCEPT it is the movement of substances with the concentration gradient by the help of transport proteins.
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OSMOSIS:
❖This is the movement of water molecules from low solute concentration to high solute concentration gradient.
❖Across a semi-permeable membrane
❖Occurs without the need of energy→passive process
Water only
Movement from Low solute con to High solute conc
Moves through semi-permeable membrane
Passive transport
No ATP required
Moves with concentration gradient
❖Across a semi-permeable membrane
❖Occurs without the need of energy→passive process
Water only
Movement from Low solute con to High solute conc
Moves through semi-permeable membrane
Passive transport
No ATP required
Moves with concentration gradient
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Explain the surface area to volume ratio.
This is a ratio comparing volume of the cell to its surface area and creates a ratio
of the values to reflect how efficient the cell is. (efficiency rating)
The larger the cell the smaller the surface area to volume ratio,
As volume increases ... SA decreases
of the values to reflect how efficient the cell is. (efficiency rating)
The larger the cell the smaller the surface area to volume ratio,
As volume increases ... SA decreases
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HYPERTONIC AND HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS
Water will move in the direction toward a high concentration of SOLUTE and hence a lower concentration of water. Water moves from areas of low solute to high solute.A simple rule to remember is:Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.
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Type of Solutions
isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
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ISOTONIC
If the concentration of solute (salt) is EQUAL on both sides, the water will move back in forth but it won't have any result on the overall amount of water on either side. "ISO" means the same
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HYPOTONIC
The word "HYPO" means LESS, in this case there are less solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, since salt sucks, water will move into the cell.
The cell will gain water and grow larger and may eventually burst. SWELLS
The cell will gain water and grow larger and may eventually burst. SWELLS
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HYPERTONIC
he word "HYPER" means MORE; in this case there are more solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, which causes the water to be sucked in that direction. The cell will continue to lose water and shrink, causing wilting and possibly death. SHRINKS
This is why it is dangerous to drink sea water -its a myth that drinking sea water will cause you to go insane, but people marooned at sea will speed up dehydration (and death) by drinking sea water.
This is also why "salting fields" was a common tactic during war, it would kill the crops in the field, thus causing food shortages.
This is why it is dangerous to drink sea water -its a myth that drinking sea water will cause you to go insane, but people marooned at sea will speed up dehydration (and death) by drinking sea water.
This is also why "salting fields" was a common tactic during war, it would kill the crops in the field, thus causing food shortages.
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
transport of ions or molecules across the plasma membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration (against the concentration gradient)
❖Occurs with the need of energy (ATP)→active process
❖Special carrier/transport PROTEIN PUMP in the plasma membrane actively pick-up the substance outside the cell and pull it through the cell membrane.
❖protein pumps transport substances in one direction only.
❖Substances enter the pump on one side and can exit the pump on the opposite side.
❖Occurs with the need of energy (ATP)→active process
❖Special carrier/transport PROTEIN PUMP in the plasma membrane actively pick-up the substance outside the cell and pull it through the cell membrane.
❖protein pumps transport substances in one direction only.
❖Substances enter the pump on one side and can exit the pump on the opposite side.
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CELL MEMBRANE PUMP
Some substances such as potassium and sodium use active transport called Sodium-Potassium pumps to move ions across the membrane into of out of certain regions of the cell with ATP.
❖Protein pump are used to move K+ and Na+ across a membrane.
❖Protein pump are used to move K+ and Na+ across a membrane.
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VESICLE MEDIATED TRANSPORT
❖Vesicles are formed to export or import substances across the plasma membrane based on the needs of the cell. Concentration gradient is NOT a factor.
❖Vesicles form from the plasma membrane or other organelles within the cell. Fluidity of the membrane allows it to change its shape, break and reform to transport substances across it.
❖Vesicles form from the plasma membrane or other organelles within the cell. Fluidity of the membrane allows it to change its shape, break and reform to transport substances across it.
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During ENDOCYTOSIS:
phagocytosis(large food particles) and pinocytosis (liquid solutes), the plasma membrane is pulled inward,a drop of food or fluid becomes enclosed into a vesicle when the membrane pinches off to move substances across a membrane and into the cell.
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During EXOCYTOSIS
Vesicles from the Endoplasmic Reticulum or Golgi bodies will fuse with the plasma membrane for export of hormones, enzyme or protein products the cell manufactured but are used in another location or waste products.
❖The contents of the vesicle are expelled. The membrane then flattens again.
❖The contents of the vesicle are expelled. The membrane then flattens again.
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SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO:
RATIO:The cell is a 3-dimensional figure;its surface area to volume ratio (SA/V)is designed to provide enough surfaces for exchange.
Surface area refers to a cells diffusion and Volume is where a cells chemical reactions occur
If the cell becomes too large it will divide to reduce its volume and maintain a big surface area to volume ratio.
The size of a cell is limited by its need to exchange materials with its environment. If a cell becomes too large, its diffusion distance becomes too long to be efficient and its surface to volume ratio becomes too small to allow the necessary exchange.
The small size of cells has to do with the necessity of getting materials into and out of the cell at rates that will meet the cell's needs.
↑ size of cell, ↑volume and distance traveled, ↓ rate of diffusion ↓ Efficiency
As the size of a structure increases the surface area to volume ratio decreases.
↑ size of cell, ↓surface area to volume ratio
▪The rate of exchange of substances therefore depends on the organism's surface area that is in contact with the surroundings.
▪Reason: as organisms get bigger their volume and surface area both get bigger, but not by the same amount. The volume increases as the cube but the area of the surface only increases by the square.
➢Rate of heat production/ waste production/resource consumption of a cell is a function of its volume.(large cells have a higher demand and are less efficient for diffusion)
➢Rate of exchange of materials and energy (heat) is a function of its surface area
Surface area refers to a cells diffusion and Volume is where a cells chemical reactions occur
If the cell becomes too large it will divide to reduce its volume and maintain a big surface area to volume ratio.
The size of a cell is limited by its need to exchange materials with its environment. If a cell becomes too large, its diffusion distance becomes too long to be efficient and its surface to volume ratio becomes too small to allow the necessary exchange.
The small size of cells has to do with the necessity of getting materials into and out of the cell at rates that will meet the cell's needs.
↑ size of cell, ↑volume and distance traveled, ↓ rate of diffusion ↓ Efficiency
As the size of a structure increases the surface area to volume ratio decreases.
↑ size of cell, ↓surface area to volume ratio
▪The rate of exchange of substances therefore depends on the organism's surface area that is in contact with the surroundings.
▪Reason: as organisms get bigger their volume and surface area both get bigger, but not by the same amount. The volume increases as the cube but the area of the surface only increases by the square.
➢Rate of heat production/ waste production/resource consumption of a cell is a function of its volume.(large cells have a higher demand and are less efficient for diffusion)
➢Rate of exchange of materials and energy (heat) is a function of its surface area
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WHY CELLS ARE SMALL (REASONING):
Large Cells need
➢more oxygen than a small cell.Large cells cannot obtain sufficient oxygen to satisfy the demands of the cell.
➢Whatever other benefits a cell might gain from being big, it cannot become larger than is limited by the rate of gas exchange.
➢large cells cannot obtain enough nutrients(glucose) to meet their high metabolic rate demands.
➢Large cells cannot remove metabolic waste molecules (urea, ammonia, carbon dioxide) quickly enough and prevent them from reaching dangerous levels.
➢large cells produce more heat and cannot remove heat quickly enough Cells may Increase Surface Area by....
▪Protruding extensions
▪Flattening the cell
▪Cell division (mitosis into two new cells)The surface area to volume ratio of a cell is therefore very important.
❖If the ratio is too small,then substances will not enter the cell as quickly as they are required and waste products will accumulate because they are produced more rapidly than they can be excreted.
❖Surface area to volume ratio is also important in relation to heat production and loss. If the ratio is too small,then cells may overheat because the metabolism produces heat faster than it is lost over the cell's surface.
➢more oxygen than a small cell.Large cells cannot obtain sufficient oxygen to satisfy the demands of the cell.
➢Whatever other benefits a cell might gain from being big, it cannot become larger than is limited by the rate of gas exchange.
➢large cells cannot obtain enough nutrients(glucose) to meet their high metabolic rate demands.
➢Large cells cannot remove metabolic waste molecules (urea, ammonia, carbon dioxide) quickly enough and prevent them from reaching dangerous levels.
➢large cells produce more heat and cannot remove heat quickly enough Cells may Increase Surface Area by....
▪Protruding extensions
▪Flattening the cell
▪Cell division (mitosis into two new cells)The surface area to volume ratio of a cell is therefore very important.
❖If the ratio is too small,then substances will not enter the cell as quickly as they are required and waste products will accumulate because they are produced more rapidly than they can be excreted.
❖Surface area to volume ratio is also important in relation to heat production and loss. If the ratio is too small,then cells may overheat because the metabolism produces heat faster than it is lost over the cell's surface.
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Why is it necessary that a cell remains small? Provide at least two reasons.
Small cells REQUIRE Less energy, Less gases, Less nutrients
Small cells PRODUCE Less waste, Less heat
Small cells have a Faster diffusion rate for efficient substance exchange
Small cells have a larger SA/ ratio \= higher effeciency
Small cells PRODUCE Less waste, Less heat
Small cells have a Faster diffusion rate for efficient substance exchange
Small cells have a larger SA/ ratio \= higher effeciency
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Protein
protein pump active
protein channel passive
transport protein both
protein channel passive
transport protein both
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why is atp required for vesicle mediated transportation
because vesicle formation requires energy
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Homeostasis
The body's maintenance of a constant internal environment, despite changes in the external or internal conditions.
Homeostasis: is aREGULATORY FUNCTION
Homeostasis: is aREGULATORY FUNCTION
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WHY IS HOMEOSTASIS IMPORTANT?
It is important because cells function best within a certain range of conditions•Even if the body is in homeostasis, changes in internal conditions do happen but within a very narrow limit.•Homeostatic mechanisms are necessary for the body to regain its balance when disease, injury, or internal changes occursand to maintain that balance if it is to remain healthy.•Every organ contributes one way or another to ensuring your body remains as "regular" as possible in adverse conditions.
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INTERNAL CONDITIONS:
▪Your body has regulatory mechanisms that compensate for a changing external environment.
▪These homeostatic mechanisms operate to maintain chemical and physical environments within tolerable limits.
▪Conditions inside every cell must remain at nearly constant levels for it to keep performing its life functions.
▪These homeostatic mechanisms operate to maintain chemical and physical environments within tolerable limits.
▪Conditions inside every cell must remain at nearly constant levels for it to keep performing its life functions.
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THERMOREGULATION
is the regulation of body temperaturewhich must remain around 37 C (98.6F) to keep it within normal healthy limits (not too hot or too cold)CONDITIONS THAT NEED TO BE CONSTANT
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OSMOREGULATION
the balance of water levelswithin the body cells for hydration, chemical reactions, waste removalCONDITIONS THAT NEED TO BE CONSTANT
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BLOOD/GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION
(blood sugar levels): balance ofBlood glucose concentrationmust remain about 4.4 -6.1mmol/L.Glucose is necessary for cell respiration (ATP production)CONDITIONS THAT NEED TO BE CONSTANT
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BLOOD PRESSURE
balance of pressure exerted on blood vessels by blood flowmust be within the average of 120/80mmHgCONDITIONS THAT NEED TO BE CONSTANT
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pH OF THE BLOOD
is always near 7.4(nearly neutral, slightly basic: Cannot be too acidic or basic because it becomes harmful)CONDITIONS THAT NEED TO BE CONSTANT
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GAS LEVELS
Balance of CO2and O2concentrations. Neither gas can exceed a specific value. Oxygen necessary for cell respiration and Carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste that must be removed.CONDITIONS THAT NEED TO BE CONSTANT
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WASTE MANAGEMENT OF METABOLIC WASTE
levels must be monitored, regulated and removedto keep low waste levels to maintain good health. These metabolic wastes from body include urea, salt, carbon dioxide and water are removed through the kidneys, skin and lungs. CONDITIONS THAT NEED TO BE CONSTANT
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What areas of the body are under homeostatic control?
What would happen if homeostasis was not maintained in these areas?
What would happen if homeostasis was not maintained in these areas?
→organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, membranes, interstitial fluid
→breakdown in homeostasis often leads to life threatening conditions such as Illness, disease/disorders, death
→breakdown in homeostasis often leads to life threatening conditions such as Illness, disease/disorders, death
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HOW IS HOMEOSTASIS MAINTAINED?
Homeostasis is usually maintained through a process called NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.
•In negative feedback, a change in a system causes a RESPONSE that tends to RETURN that system to its original state.
•Negative feedback provides a degree of control or maintains homeostasis by adjusting toward or away from the set point depending on the direction the system moves.
•In negative feedback, a change in a system causes a RESPONSE that tends to RETURN that system to its original state.
•Negative feedback provides a degree of control or maintains homeostasis by adjusting toward or away from the set point depending on the direction the system moves.
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Summary:
•negative feedback is how the body stabilizes its systems against excessive change
•it stops or reverses a movement away from the set point in an attempt to restore conditions back to the set point.
Eg. Returns body temperature, breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure back to ideal range after exercise, adrenaline rush, injury... etc.
•it stops or reverses a movement away from the set point in an attempt to restore conditions back to the set point.
Eg. Returns body temperature, breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure back to ideal range after exercise, adrenaline rush, injury... etc.
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THREE COMPONENTS of the NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
Three interdependent components are present in all control mechanisms for homeostasis to occur. These include:
1.RECEPTOR (are sensors that gather information and detect change within the body)
2.INTEGRATOR/REGULATORY CONTROL CENTER (RCC) (often the brain; receives information, processes, and determines response)
3.EFFECTOR (can be muscles or glands that responses to change to restore conditions)
1.RECEPTOR (are sensors that gather information and detect change within the body)
2.INTEGRATOR/REGULATORY CONTROL CENTER (RCC) (often the brain; receives information, processes, and determines response)
3.EFFECTOR (can be muscles or glands that responses to change to restore conditions)
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STIMULUS
is an event that causes the body to react (detectable change)
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RESPONSE
is the action that restores conditions back to normal levels.
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1.RECEPTORS
5 types of Sensory receptors include:chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, osmoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors
▪the receptor monitors the condition and receives stimuli.
▪These are special cells in the body (sensory receptors found within senses organs, internal organs) detect changes from stimuli, in the environment.
▪the receptor monitors the condition and receives stimuli.
▪These are special cells in the body (sensory receptors found within senses organs, internal organs) detect changes from stimuli, in the environment.
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2.REGULATORY CONTROL CENTER/ INTEGRATOR
Found in Brain and spinal cord, or certain glands
▪Stimulus is sent to the control centre for further interpretation.
▪The control centre is responsible for interpreting the stimuli sent by the receptors. It is the component that analyzes and then it makes the necessary action or response.
▪The control centre interprets stimulus and act to direct impulses to the place where a response can be made.
▪Stimulus is sent to the control centre for further interpretation.
▪The control centre is responsible for interpreting the stimuli sent by the receptors. It is the component that analyzes and then it makes the necessary action or response.
▪The control centre interprets stimulus and act to direct impulses to the place where a response can be made.
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3.EFFECTORS
Found muscles and/or glands
▪The effector is the means by which changes will be made in the body. The changes made will have an effect on the stimulus, whether to enhance it or depress it.
▪Effectors perform the appropriate response to restore conditions....Fix the problem
▪The effector is the means by which changes will be made in the body. The changes made will have an effect on the stimulus, whether to enhance it or depress it.
▪Effectors perform the appropriate response to restore conditions....Fix the problem
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point from "examples of Homostasis"
The job of the receptor is to monitor the environment surrounding the body, and detect any changes(intensifying heat)
regulatory control center to be analyzed. This is where your body would decide what is wrong, and how to counteract decides sweat is necessary to cool off.
o effectors. These are what actually make the change,
sweating.
regulatory control center to be analyzed. This is where your body would decide what is wrong, and how to counteract decides sweat is necessary to cool off.
o effectors. These are what actually make the change,
sweating.
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IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING: Homeostasis mechanism or THERMOREGULATION
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:
STIMULUS\= HOT SUMMER DAY
RECEPTOR\=THERMORECEPTOR (pick up intense heat)
REGULATORY CONTROL CENTER\= HYPOTHALAMUS IN BRAIN (Decides sweating is necessary to cool off the body.)
EFFECTOR\= SWEAT GLANDS (produce sweat\= cooling effect through evaporation)
RESPONSE\= cooling effect to return conditions back to normal
STIMULUS\= HOT SUMMER DAY
RECEPTOR\=THERMORECEPTOR (pick up intense heat)
REGULATORY CONTROL CENTER\= HYPOTHALAMUS IN BRAIN (Decides sweating is necessary to cool off the body.)
EFFECTOR\= SWEAT GLANDS (produce sweat\= cooling effect through evaporation)
RESPONSE\= cooling effect to return conditions back to normal
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STIMULUS example
: cold outside temperature
or hot
or hot
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CHANGE example
decreasing body temperature
increasing body temperature
increasing body temperature
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RECEPTOR example
Thermoreceptors in skin detect decrease in body temperature. or increase
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REGULATORY CONTROL CENTER example
Brain-hypothalamus (internal thermostat) coordinates actions
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EFFECTORS example
THESE ARE ALWAYS GONNA INCLUDE A GLAND OR A MUSCLE
Cold
i) skeletal muscles contract/shake/shiver
ii) smooth muscle in blood vessels contract/vasoconstriction
•Pilo-erection (hair standing up) -goosebumps
Hot:
Blood vessels (smooth muscles) dilate and move near surface of skin
Sweat glands release sweat/water
Cold
i) skeletal muscles contract/shake/shiver
ii) smooth muscle in blood vessels contract/vasoconstriction
•Pilo-erection (hair standing up) -goosebumps
Hot:
Blood vessels (smooth muscles) dilate and move near surface of skin
Sweat glands release sweat/water
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RESPONSE:
Cold:
I) shivering generates body heat
ii) blood is diverted away from extremities and moved to core
→Pilo-erection traps heat
Hot:
\> increase heat loss to surface area increase as blood vessel gets larger
\> sweat cooling the body down- evaporation
I) shivering generates body heat
ii) blood is diverted away from extremities and moved to core
→Pilo-erection traps heat
Hot:
\> increase heat loss to surface area increase as blood vessel gets larger
\> sweat cooling the body down- evaporation
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CHANGE example 2
body temperature rises back to normal state
or lowers back to normal state
or lowers back to normal state
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Digestive System Contribution to Homeostasis
Takes food into body, breaks down food and absorbs nutrients,and eliminates some undigested food waste.
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Respiratory System Contribution to Homeostasis
Regulates carbon dioxide and oxygen levels through gas exchange
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Circulatory System Contribution to Homeostasis
Transports oxygen, nutrients, waste by the bloodvessels, also regulates heat distribution
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Urinary System Contribution to Homeostasis
Kidneys regulate blood composition by removing nitrogenous waste from the breakdown of proteins, also balances water and salts (sodium ions) levels in blood.
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Integumentary System (Skin) Contribution to Homeostasis
Largest organ in the body that covers the entire body. Acts as a barrier against infection, injury, UV radiation. Helps regulate body temperature.
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Nervous System Contribution to Homeostasis
Contains nerve cells (neurons) that transmit impulses throughout the body. This allows the body to detect stimulus and then respond. Processes information and regulates all bodily functions.
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Endocrine System Contribution to Homeostasis
Releases a constant supply of hormones into the body to perform regulator functions at act on target organs. Influences growth, development, metabolism, and helps maintain homeostasis.
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Immune System Contribution to Homeostasis
Protects and prevents harmful agents from damaging the body system by using white blood cells to kill and remove pathogen. Produces white blood cells.
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Muscular System Contribution to Homeostasis
Produces voluntary and involuntary movement, helps to circulate blood and move food through digestive system.
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How is homeostasis maintained during intense physical exercise?
-When muscles work harder during exercise, they need more food and oxygen to release extra energy. They are also producing waste products at a faster rate-Therefore the heart and lungs work harder to respond to increased demands of extra food transportation and oxygen distribution to muscles.
NERVOUS SYSTEM: detects changes in carbon dioxide levels in the body using special sensory cells (receptors) and signals to the muscles (effectors) in the lungs and heart to respond•RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Breathing rate quickens to bring in extra oxygen and release excess carbon dioxide waste. •CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Heart rate increases to distribute blood around the body quicker carrying nutrients, and oxygen, and removing metabolic waste.
NERVOUS SYSTEM: detects changes in carbon dioxide levels in the body using special sensory cells (receptors) and signals to the muscles (effectors) in the lungs and heart to respond•RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Breathing rate quickens to bring in extra oxygen and release excess carbon dioxide waste. •CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Heart rate increases to distribute blood around the body quicker carrying nutrients, and oxygen, and removing metabolic waste.
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LIFE PROCESSES that individual Body Cells and Complex Organisms must perform to survive include:
1)NUTRITITION(OBTAININGFOOD) through processes of Ingestion, Absorption, or Photosynthesis
2)EXCRETION: Waste removal through the process of Excretion (metabolic waste), and Egestion (undigested waste)
3)RESPIATION/ GAS EXCHANGE (carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange with organism and environment)
4)GROWTH AND REPAIR of Cells, Tissues, Organs
5)TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES: water, nutrients, waste, gases, soluble minerals must be transported throughout the organism's body to the cells.
6)MOVEMENT of organismwithin environment
7)RESPONSE TO STIMULUS/SENSITIVITY tointernal or external changes
8)REPRODUCTION: both Asexual and Sexual methods allow cells and organisms to duplicate themselves and multiply.
9)ENERGY→METABOLISM: by Cellular Respiration to create energy in the form of ATP C6H12O6+ 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O + ATPglucose + oxygen →carbon dioxide + water + energy
10)HOMEOSTASIS: occurs to regulate and maintain body conditions within normal levels
2)EXCRETION: Waste removal through the process of Excretion (metabolic waste), and Egestion (undigested waste)
3)RESPIATION/ GAS EXCHANGE (carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange with organism and environment)
4)GROWTH AND REPAIR of Cells, Tissues, Organs
5)TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES: water, nutrients, waste, gases, soluble minerals must be transported throughout the organism's body to the cells.
6)MOVEMENT of organismwithin environment
7)RESPONSE TO STIMULUS/SENSITIVITY tointernal or external changes
8)REPRODUCTION: both Asexual and Sexual methods allow cells and organisms to duplicate themselves and multiply.
9)ENERGY→METABOLISM: by Cellular Respiration to create energy in the form of ATP C6H12O6+ 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O + ATPglucose + oxygen →carbon dioxide + water + energy
10)HOMEOSTASIS: occurs to regulate and maintain body conditions within normal levels