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Jim Crow segregation

A system of laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Brown v. Board of Education

The landmark Supreme Court case in 1954 that declared racially separate facilities to be inherently unequal.

Civil Rights Movement

An organized effort in the 1950s and 1960s by African Americans and allies to end Jim Crow segregation.

Prince Edward County School Closure

Prince Edward County closed its public schools for five years to avoid integration.

Nonviolent Direct-Action Protest

The central tactic used by the civil rights movement to confront de jure segregation.

Malcolm X

An African American leader who broke from the Nation of Islam and advocated for Black Nationalism.

Black Nationalism

A social and political movement advocating for the separation and self-governance of Black people.

Racial profiling

When race is used as an indicator to assess whether a person is suspicious or dangerous.

Urban Underclass

A segment of the African American population isolated from opportunities for success due to economic and social barriers.

Culture of poverty theory

Suggests that poverty creates certain personality traits that perpetuate the poverty cycle.

Ghost Dance

A Sioux movement based on the belief in an impending cataclysmic upheaval followed by collective salvation.

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988)

Legislation requiring states to negotiate gambling agreements with Native American tribes.

Red Power Movement

A 1960s and 1970s movement advocating for self-determination and pride in Native American heritage.

Cosmic Race (La Raza Cosmica)

The belief in a cultural bond among Hispanic Americans and a destined greatness.

Bracero Program

A federal program allowing Mexican laborers to work temporarily in the U.S.

Jones Act (1917)

Legislation that granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans.

Marielitos

Cuban immigrants who arrived in the U.S. in the 1980 boat lift.

Bilingual Education

An educational approach that involves teaching in two languages.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

The first U.S. law to prohibit immigration based on race.

Executive Order 9066

An order that led to the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

Kye

A rotating credit association traditionally used by Korean immigrants.