test 2

Jim Crow segregation.

The system ended as it had begun: gradually and in a series of discrete episodes and incidents.

• Executive order (8802) creating the Fair Employment Practices Commission banning discrimination in defense-related industries

  Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954

• Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson and ruled that racially separate facilities were inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional. (schools only)

  The Civil Rights Movement was an organized effort of African Americans and their allies in the 1950s and 1960s to end de jure (Jim Crow) segregation in the South.

• Prince Edward County, central Virginia closed its public schools rather than integrate. The schools remained closed for 5 years.

• Nonviolent Direct-Action Protest - the central tactic used by the civil rights movement to confront de jure segregation

• Montgomery, Alabama, 1955: Rosa Parks jailed for violating a local segregation ordinance is often cited as the beginning of the Civil Rights protest movements

• Malcolm X

• Nation of Islam then Black Muslims

• Converted to Islam while in prison

• Broke from the Black Muslims and created Black Nationalism

• Black Nationalism

  • a social and political movement advocating the separation of blacks and whites and self-governmer for black people

• Supporters of the black power movement believe Liberating themselves on their own terms without regard to what white Americans want is the best for empowering black Americans

• 12% of black respondents to a survey had a great deal of confiden that local police would treat blacks and whites equally:

• • Racial profiling is when race is used as an indicator when calculating if a person is suspicious or dangerous.

• Urban Underclass

  • A large segment of the African American population is cut off from opportunities for success and growth

• African Americans are isolated in urban areas

  • Escape from poverty is limited by economic and educational deficits and subtle prejudice

• Culture of poverty theory argues that poverty creates certain personality traits. such as the need for instant gratification--that, in turn, perpetuate poverty - certain characteristics of the poor

• Comparing levels of education, the gap between African Americans and European Americans has:

• Decreased for both men and women but has not disappeared

• Indian response to scholarships reflected different value orientation

• Ghost Dance - Sioux

• Movement founded on the belief that a cataclysmic upheaval would occur in the immediate future, followed by collective salvation (Sioux)

• The Termination Act of 1953

  • Most controversial governmental policy toward reservation Native Americans in the 20th century

  • Services tribes received, such as subsidized medical care and college scholarships, should not have been viewed as special and deserving to be discontinued

  • Pan-Indianism limited because of tribal identities

  • Refers to intertribal social movements in which several tribes joined by political goals but not by kinship, unite in a common identity

  • Recent source of significant income and some employment

  • Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988)

  • States must negotiate gambling agreements with reservations and cannot prohibit any gambling already allowed under state law

  • Gaming money

  • supports tribal members, is used to buy back tribal lands, and help underwrite cost of the Smithsonian Museum of the American Indian opened in 2004.

  Attracting light industry and es to tribal lands

• Cherokee

  • Expulsion was primarily motivated by their fertile land that was coveted by whites

• Red Power

• 1960s and 1970s movement that also stressed self-determination and pride in race and cultural heritage

Cultural diffusion meant less self-sufficiency

• Hispanic Americans total over 17% of the total V.5, population

• The Hispanic American experience varies greatly. depending on the particular ethnic group. area of the country and period involved.

• The Cosmic Race (La Raza Cosmica) a cultural bond and that God has planned for them a great destiny

  Machismo - a basic value governing various qualities of masculinity

  • Dignidad - reciprocal respect for human interaction

• Bracero - allowed Mexican immigrants to enter the United States on temporary visas and then return to Mexico after the harvest.

• Federal policy toward immigration from Mexico has fluctuated over time.

• • 1930- repatriation- government program to ship Mexicans back to

  *Mexico (expulsion)

• Between 1954 and 1959 government officials found and expelled 3.8 million Mexicans (Operation
  Wetback- expulsion).

• Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA). This legislation allowed illegal immigrants who had been in the country continuously since 1982 to legalize their status.

• Puerto Rico became a territory of the United States after the Spanish:

  American War of 1898

• 1917-•Puerto Ricans became citizens of the United States - Jones Act

• The Puerto Ricans

  • In 1948 elected their own governor and became a commonwealth

  • In the early 20th century - US policy toward Puerto Rico was an attempt at Americanization

• The Cubans - President Carter

  • Cuban communities in the United States date back to 1830

  • Two great migrations - Castro in office in the late 1958 -1959

  • The single largest influx of Cubans occurred around 1980.

  • had fewer skills than previous migration

  • Marielitos - the Boat people

• Cuban Cultural Values

  • Black Cuban Americans tend to live between two worlds.

  • Redirect hostility into humor and wit

  • Readily display kindness and generosity

  • Avöid being unwitty or disagreeable.

• Bilingual Education - -began in 1968

• • Today there are ESL programs in more than 125 languages

• English Immersion Programs teaching in English and explaining difficult concepts in the native language.

• The Chinese first came to the U.S during the California gold rush in the 1850s and are the largest Asian population.

• A major social problem affecting most Asian immigrants through the 1940s was the shortage of Asian women:

• The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) marked the first time the government enacted a human embargo on a particular race of laborers.

• End of the 19th century sex ratio 25:1 favoring males

• • Stages in the development of Chinatowns

  * Involuntary choice in response to societal prejudice & discrimination - segregation

  • Defensive insulation as a protection to against racist hostility

  • Voluntary segregation as group consciousness emerges

  • Gradual assimilation, a process markedly slowed by voluntary segregation and social isolation

• • Tsu - families with common ancestors unite

  Hui kuan The Chinese Six Companies membership is based on the person's district of origin in china

  • Tongs - or secret societies. These secret societies membership is determined by interest

• Immigration curtailed with 1907 "gentlemen's agreement," Japan agreed to limit emigration to the
  U.S., while the U.S. granted admission to the wives, children, and other relatives of immigrants already resident.

• 1913, CA enacted the Alien Land Act- prohibited anyone who was ineligible for citizenship from owning land and limited leases to 3 years:

• For the Issei, (1" generation) the years of internment represented an unmitigated disaster. During the war, they lost their hard-earned homes, businesses, and farms, along with the status and sense of achievement that these assets had brought them.

• The Niser, (2nd generation) similarly, had to deal with the disruption of the community that they had grown up in, and with the uncertainty of the post-internment era. At the same time, however, they had to cope with their new position as the leaders of the Japanese American community during a time of tremendous change, as well as with their role as the parents of the Sansei-3d generation of Japanese Americans.

• Executive Order 9066 led to the relocation of Japanese Americans

• Internment Camps

• Social scientist say this was our worst wartime mistake.

• Endo v. United States, brought an end to this forcible detention.

• As a group, Asian Americans have the highest median family income, and the lowest poverty rate of all minority groups.

  : A greater proportion of Asian immigrants become U.S. citizens than any other immigrant group.

  • By 2000, half of all U.S.-born Asian Americans had a non-Asian spouse, reflecting a growing trend.

• Koreans

  • Now the 5th largest Asian group with more than 1.1 million in 2000 most since 1970

• Early Korean immigrants were recruited to work in the Hawaii sugar plantations

• Kye - rotating credit association