C 1.1 enzymes

Metabolism

Sum of chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain its life

2 key functions of metabolic reactions

Source of energy, enable synthesis of new materials

Catabolism

Cellular reactions which break down molecules to release energy and/or simple molecules

Anabolism

Reactions that result in the formation of complex molecules, often storing energy in chemical bonds

Mutation

Change in sequence of DNA resulting in different codon triplets forming a different shaped protein.

Main functions of proteins

Structural, hormonal, immunoglobulin, transport, membranes, enzymes

What are the 3 toes of bond that hold the 3D protein structure of an enzyme

Hydrogen, ionic, disulphide

Induced fit model

As the substrates enter the active site it causes a conformational change in the protein structure.

Why are immobilised enzymes used

Because enzymes are expensive to buy, liquid products are not contaminated by the enzyme.

is digestion intra or extracellular

extracellular

what is an example of an intracellular enzyme reaction

respiration - glycolysis and krebs

why are metabolic processes not 100% efficient

energy is lost to surroundings, usually by heat

competitive inhibition

Inhibitors bind to the active site and prevent the substrate from binding, easily reversible.
Sometimes competitive inhibitors can form irreversible bonds.

how can competitive inhibition be overcome

by increasing substrate concentration to increase successful collisions

non-competitive inhibition

Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to the allosteric site which causes a conformational change to the overall shape of the protein, including the active site, usually irreversible

example of a competitive inhibitor

penicillin - inhibits transpeptidase which stops bacterial cell walls from forming

example of endpoint inhibition

isoleucine