(Draft) Geography - Diverse Places

reasons for change in population in UK (1950 - 2000)

reasons for change in population in UK (1950 - 2000)

1. 1950s = high proportion of religious attitudes so birth rates high

2. 1960s = post war baby boom

3. 1970s = contraception methods more widley known + emigration levels increase

4. 1980s = baby-boomers have their own children + high immigraition from commonwealth countries

5. 1990s = expansion of EU and end of the Cold War

6. 2000s = increased fertility rates from migration

potential reasons for population change in the UK (x7)

1. contraception more widespread due to free access and sex education began being taught in schools so more aware of how to prevent unwanted/unexpected pregnancies

2. decrease in religious attitudes - more willing to use contraception, get married later and feel less pressure to have children

3. increase in financial cost of raising children

4. advancement of women - want the successful career first

5. increased migration (‘bright light syndrome’)

6. advancement in medicine - diseases eradicated + NHS = free

7. clean water + sanitation - 96% connected to main sewage system and 100% have access to clean water

London = 1900s

• 4.7 million

• London City Council formed

• tube network expanded into open countryside (caused new housing developments further out = urban sprawl)

London = 1920s

• outer London grew due to the increased transport

• people moved to more spacious homes

London = 1930s

• 8 million

• increased homes with multiple bedrooms, outdoor space and detached

• destroyed surrounding countryside

London = 2010s

• both inner and outer London growing

• all 6 of London’s largest boroughs by population found in the suburbs

• found from census data

deindustrialisation

the decrease in primary and secondary sectors and increase in the tertiary sectors

• North England affected most → people moved down south because more service jobs

• e.g. Salford Quays

rural-urban continuum

the unbroken transition from sparsely populated or unpopulated remote places to densely populated, intensively used urban places

Clokes model

1. urban core → large city e.g. Leeds City Centre

2. suburbs → green belt including farming and recreation and development strictly controlled - urban sprawl

3. accessible rural → dormitory settlements, expanded towns and commuter]=[ settlements

4. intermediate rural → suburbanised village, market towns

5. rural → villages and towns away from main roads, change little, farming dominant

6. remote rural → tourism, national parks, some declining villages, retirement settlements

characteristics of CBD

• increased commercial buildings so less housing + cost of living is much higher meaning rent is higher (people priced out)

characteristics of inner-urban ridge

• increased people as cheaper and can fit more people in (congested flats)

• increased terrace housing and apartment blocks in the inner city (cheap for uni students etc.)

characteristics of interwar suburban depression

• increased detached/semi-detached housing which increases house prices

• decreased accessibility to main roads etc.

characteristics of urban fringe cliff

• e.g. Alwoodley

• increased detached housing and so prices increases

• more natural areas

dormitory villages

more than half of the working population travels more than 15 miles to work

urban spaces

• higher population density due to more people living there

• younger population usually between 20-39 (most common)

• increased transport services e.g. the Underground in London and increased bus transport systems

• higher ethnic mix e.g. 57% of London born overseas

• increased graduate jobs and salaries higher

• bigger mix in shops and restaurants in terms of cultural diversity etc.

rural spaces

• decreased population density as it is more sparsely populated

• older population as they generally prefer quieter areas (especially those who have retired)

• public transport limited - generally one bus every 30 minutes

• higher number of people how class themselves as White British

• harder to find jobs

EAST DEVON CASE STUDY

• population: 135 000

• population density: 170 people per sq km

• median age: 47

• proportion of over 65s: 30%

• frequency of bus services: one every 30 minutes

• % classed as White British: 93.2%

TOWER HAMLETS CASE STUDY

• population: 270 000

• population density: 14 000 people per sq km

• median age: 29

• proportion of over 65s: 6.1%

• frequency of bus services: over 100 an hour

• % classed as White British: 31.2%

NEWHAM CHARACTERISITCS

• avg. age: 32

• population density: 8672

• largest age group: 21-40

• general fertility rates: 76.6

KINGSTON-UPON-THAMES CHARACTERISTICS

• avg. age: 37

• population density: 4400

• largest age group: 20-45 and 0-6

• general fertility rates: 57.4

NORTH YORKSHIRE CHARACTERISITCS

• avg. age: 39.8

• population density: 68

• largest age group: 63-66

• general fertility rates: 60.3

HIGHLAND COUNTY CHARACTERISTICS

1. avg. age: 43.2

2. population density: 9

3. largest age group: 45-68

4. general fertility rates: 56.1

internal migration

the movement of people within a country (crossing no international borders)

international migration

the movement of people across state boundaries and staying with their host country for a minimum length of time

general fertility rates

number of live births per 1000 women that are of the right age

fertility rate

the average number of children per woman

birth rate

the number of live births per 1000 of a population per year

dependency rate

demographic measure of the ratio of the number of dependents to the total working age population in a country or region

longevity

long-lived members of a population

ageing population

increasing proportion of the population aged 65 or older (people living for longer + less births)

economic reasons to go to uni in urban areas

1. may be able to get a part-time job in the area to help them fund their place

2. lots of student accommodation may make it cheaper to live there

economic reasons to stay in the city after uni

1. tend to provide more jobs than rural areas

2. jobs may be more highly skilled as nearby to educated people which may increase salaries/wages

3. may go to recruitment fairs at their uni and made connections with employers in that area

social reasons to go to uni in urban areas

1. more services such as shops and public transport nearby

2. exciting nightlife

3. may have heard of the city before and have a perception of what it might be like

4. variety of student accommodation available

5. require/desire change

social reasons to stay in the city after uni

1. made friends in the area

2. know the area and where its services are and how they operate

3. may have enjoyed living there so want to remain

4. know which areas they may wan to live in or already have people they can share accommodation with

accessibility of North Scotland

1. remote rural area meaning sparse network of windy roads and little motorway accessibility (just A9 to the east coast)

2. single lane roads and any trains are infrequent and slow

3. one main city = Inverness

accessibility of Newham

1. will have tube stations nearby which take minutes as well as good access to public transport e.g. buses every minute

2. 15 minutes away from West End clubs and theatres as well as 10 minutes from London’s financial centre (accessible for work and leisure)

3. located next to the Thames

physical environment of North Scotland

1. highland areas = mountainous as well as increased farming and small villages

2. large proportion of agriculture

3. the country’s roads meander around mountains and lochs

4. winter storms and snow make it difficult to commute

physical environment of Newham

1. high population density meaning little green areas as increased housing and less agricultural jobs

2. located next to the Thames so flat, low-lying land

3. less extreme temperatures with little snow storms etc. so seen as preferable

planning of North Scotland

1. introduced super fast broadband with renewable energy industries

2. creation of national parks to increase tourism and preserve natural beauty of the area

3. strict planning regulations e.g. housing so ageing population as more retired people moving there

planning of Newham

1. regeneration of London dock lands and Lee Valley (area of 2012 Olympic park)

2. high international migration - 55% population are foreign born residents so changed derelict areas into increased housing

historical development of North Scotland

1. traditional farming industry - high level of agricultural jobs led to increased farmland meaning low population density and less housing

2. high levels of tourism due to its aesthetic, nature, quiet, tranquility etc. (links to national parks etc.)

historical development of Newham

1. collapse of London’s original port facilities and traditional industries led to increased dereliction BUT used for housing expansion (fast growing population - 25%)

2. university students and young graduates internally migrated to this cheaper housing + international migrants settled increasing general fertility rates

reasons for fall in DR in UK

1. bigger focus on staying healthy: healthy eating/exercise etc.

2. decrease in manual/hard labour

3. increase preventative healthcare e.g. screenings and tests to catch diseases early

4. legislation of smoking/vaping etc.

Why do we need migrants?

they boost BR and fertility rates which provides a workforce for the future as well as being willing to work for low pay that the UK population are unwilling to do e.g. NHS

Why international migrants affect some areas more than others

1. international migrants are more likely to move to areas where they have a close proximity to jobs, a previous awareness of that area and close proximity to other international migrants from the same country (diaspora)

2. tend to initially move to large cities rather than remote rural locations like North Yorkshire

Why declining mortality rates are affecting places like North Yorkshire and Highland County

1. more elderly people living longer may mean increased pressures on services like healthcare and public transport

2. if elderly are healthy = increased spending of the ‘grey pound’ (describes the money that older people as a group have available to spend)

benefits of an ageing population

1. expertise due to increased level of experience

2. free childcare - enables younger people to work

3. spend money more as don’t work

limitations of ageing population

1. put a strain on the NHS, old peoples homes etc.

2. increased the number of people requiring pensions

3. decrease employed people as they retire (smaller workforce)

NIGER

BR = 43.8, DR = 7.1

low life expectancy + growing population

INDIA

BR = 16.8 (relatively high), DR = 7.5

growing + ageing population

UK

BR = 11.1, DR = 9.5

high life expectancy + ageing population

JAPAN

BR = 6.9, DR = 11.7

people living longer + declining population

Poland → London migration

9.1% of migrants from Poland in 2013

large influx of young people around 20-30 years old in London (more people driving to work etc.)

increases BR of London + brain gain

Demographic Transition Model

multicultural society

where a number of different ethnic groups and their culture live alongside the predominant indigenous ethnic group and their culture

ethnic enclaves

concentrations of particular communities

cultural diversity

the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a city or society

social clustering

preference for living close to the people you wish to be with

reasons for a multicultural society

1. migration → stimulus and product as persecuted groups seek to escape oppression

2. political policies → post WW2 - South Asia and Empire Windrush - Black-Afro Caribbean from West Indies + membership of EU allowing free movement

3. globalisation → makes flows of people easier e.g. improvements in transport etc.

skilled migrants

e.g. doctors, engineers, IT etc.

semi-skilled migrants

e.g. factory workers, lorry drivers etc.

unskilled migrants

e.g. labourers, cleaners, childcare, construction etc.

causes of different levels of cultural diversity between and within settlements

1. social clustering - community facilities that cater for the needs of certain ethnic groups mean people choose to live there

2. accessibility - transport links to key cities e.g. London has most international airports + trains within the UK (M1 = London → Leeds for Pakistani population)

3. physical factors e.g. Highland County is hard to access

4. government policies - labour shortages in textile factories/London buses/NHS would make the area a target for immigrants as advertisements overseas

LEEDS CASE STUDY (general info)

• 99 450 non UK born + 8200 migrants in 2022

• large nationality groups = Polish, Romanian, Indian, Spanish and Italian

• 4th highest migrant applications in the UK

• high Pakistani population found in Harehills (social clustering)

• growing Indian population due to growing need for workers in the health and IT sectors e.g. 4086 migrants in 2022

• 7% don’t speak English as first language

• Christianity = dominant religion (55.9%)

economic contribution of LEEDS

• 14% of nurses working in Yorkshire’s hospitals were born outside the UK - gain employment and multiplier effect (skilled migrants)

• contribute to the textile industry

• biggest financial hub outside London has 32,000 registered businesses with 480,000 employees (1.6% of English economy)

social contribution of LEEDS

• many Pakistani’s moved for the textile industries in Bradford and settled in low quality housing → in 1950s 38.3% living in overcrowded homes classed themselves as Pakistani

• decreased unemployment rate as the majority of migrants willing to work

• John Charles Leisure Centre offers sporting opportunities as well as Roya Armouries + Leeds City Art Gallery etc.

• accessible - A1 and M1

• 3 universities → 32 138 students from 147 countries

cultural contribution of LEEDS

• World Curry Festival hosted in Leeds and Bradford

• Leeds Carnival shows diversity due to increased migration

HISTORY OF LEEDS

• dominated wooden mills (172)

• textiles created a strong sense of regional identity (increases rural to urban migration and urbanisation) e.g. Thwaites Mill used for lubrication and lighting oil

• wealthy who benefitted off of the mills wanted to access more culture leading to the construction of cultural vehicles e.g. Leeds Grand Theatre

• Kirkgate Market → cloth market → largest indoor market in Europe → due to growth of market in 17th century

• Leeds Town Hall → signified the importance of Leeds as a centre of trade and commerce

• back to back terraced housing near mills to maximise space

centripetal forces

forces from within a region a country that unite the population together e.g. religion, language, job opportunities, family connections

centrifugal forces

forces that tend to divide the traditional population e.g. globalisation, deindustrialisation

HAREHILLS GENERAL INFO

• 43% white with 72% with English as 1st language

• population = 33,000 (2.5% increasing)

• population density = 9207km2

• average income = £23 000

• health = high levels of CHD, diabetes, obesity and life expectancy decreased by 10 years

• 20% Pakistani population (2% in UK)

• 10% green spaces with high volume of housing

• red-brick terraced housing built in 1820s for the large volume of workers in the textile factories

• 6200 crimes - 47% no car households - 19% households have 5+ people

LOCAL/REGIONAL info in HAREHILLS

• 1820 - population moved out to Harehills to escape overcrowding (inner suburb near CBD)

• increase textile industry - led to red brick terraced properties - cheap but 8% overcrowded - 50% housing

• schools built and public transport links (bus every 5 minutes)

• strong community spirit

NATIONAL info on HAREHILLS

• high unemployment rate due to deindustrialisation (10%)

• average house price = £110,000

• membership in EU allowing free movement e.g. Romanian migrants

• accessible to London by train

INTERNATIONAL/GLOBAL info on HAREHILLS

• international migration as a result of government policy (British Nationality Act) at end of WW2 e.g. Pakistan

• diaspora - influenced local services e.g. Sari Shops, Anand Sweet shop, CC continental, 6 mosques

• Harehills primary speaks 140 languages

• translation facilities found throughout the area

• many brands e.g. KFC, ASDA etc.

MEDIA INFLUENCE ON HAREHILLS

1. websites - high crime e.g. multiple articles on murder of Sam Varley, multiple bars closing but high sense of community as positive engagement at local mosque

2. social media - high community spirit e.g. Facebook group to post community events, lost items, events like boy being jumped etc.

3. images - red brick terraced housing

GENERAL INFO ON EAST KESWICK

• 97% white with 94% born in UK

• 23.6% are 65+

• population = 1123 (0.2% decrease)

• average income = £61 000

• health - high levels of cancer

LOCAL/REGIONAL info on EAST KESWICK

• suburbanised village - 10 miles north of the city centre

• developed as a farming community - heavy agricultural influence

• no village schools (families not attracted etc.)

• £603,000 average house price

• butchers, 2 churches and hairdresser

• buildings made from locally quarried sandstone with slated roofs

• Village Hall acts as a community centre

NATIONAL info on EAST KESWICK

• post-industrial community → development of commuter belt and commuter villages

• increased number of home workers

• counter-urbanisation has encouraged the movement of people beyond the rural-urban fringe

• government planning legislation within green belt areas

• train station in Bardsey shut

MEDIA INFLUENCE on EAST KESWICK

1. websites - festival (Arthington), circket games, tributes to a girl in a car crash (community spirit), named as one of the safest neighbourhoods and most ‘isolated’ but ‘friendly’

2. images - large, detached cobblestone housing with large amounts of green spaces and farms etc.

3. local publications - two churches, two pubs, post office, village hall, hairdressers and butchers

ALWOODLEY GENERAL INFO

• 23,000 population

• 4% born in EU countries

• 5.5% have 5+ people in households

• 1836 crimes

• 27% terraced housing

• 17% no car households

Why are people attracted to Leeds?

1. sporting opportunities - Elland Road (caters to 37,292), John Charles, Headingley (cricket + rugby) and Leeds Beckett uni

2. ethnic enclaves - established communities makes people feel safe, services for international communities e.g. Sari shops, translation facilities in Harehills

3. services - shopping (Trinity = 120 shops, £414 million revenue), nightlife e.g. Hedley Verity, Space shops + cultural venues e.g. West Yorkshire Playhouse + First Direct Arena

4. accessible - trains + buses available

5. cost of living - lots of rental spaces available and large number of student accommodation

6. job opportunities - both low + high-skilled jobs to gain finance (36 000 graduates per year)

7. education - internal migrants may hear of reputation of 3 unis whilst international migrants want English qualifications (14,000 international students)

8. Provident survey = Leeds is least safe city in UK

urban reality of Leeds - HIGH LIVING COST

• close to 9000 people claim job seekers allowance

• house prices have increased by an average of £30,000 over the last 4 years

• distinct North-South divide and suburbs have increased house prices (£381,000) than inner areas (£98,000)

urban reality of Leeds - LOW ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

• Leeds has 28.09 particles per million of NO2 causing 2500 premature deaths due to air position in 2018

• in 2014, $14 million spent on treatment of asthma

• Leeds has most low emissions vehicles per capita in the UK

urban reality of Leeds - CRIME

• 2018 - lowest crime reported in Harewood

• 2nd highest crime rate in West Yorkshire

• highest crime rate in 2018 was in Harehills

• last year there were 2500 burglaries in Leeds

urban reality of Leeds - ETHNIC DIVERSITY

• some areas 50% Asian and others 95% white

• 170 languages and biggest BME is Pakistani then India

• ethnic groups make up 19% of population in 2011 compared to 11% in 2001

urban reality of Leeds - SOCIAL ISOLATION

• more women than men report loneliness

• minority groups are more at risk of being socially isolated

• in 2015 37,000 people were isolated or lonely in Leeds

• 54% chance of developing dementia if you live alone

• 51% of over 75s live alone

urban reality of Leeds - ELDERLY

• 60-73 after group has increased by 8% over next 5 years

• by 2027, over 65s make up 25% of the population

• 1/10 older people malnourished

• 2/3 lone pensioners have no access to care with 51% of 65+ living alone

• increase in care homes in suburban locations

commuter belts

places experiencing quite fast rates of population growth due to the arrival of large numbers of workers and their families to escape the costs of urban areas

accessible rural

those with less than a 30 minute drive to the nearest settlement with a population greater than 10,000 e.g. East Keswick

remote rural

those with a greater than 30 minute drive to the nearest settlement with a population greater than 10,000 e.g. Yorkshire Dales

‘rural idyll’

an aspirational picture of an idealised rurality, often emphasising the pastoral landscape and perceived sense of peace and quiet

tranquility (rural idyll)

perceived sense of peace and quiet away from the city life which attracts the elderly/retired

e.g.

lack of crime (rural idyll)

‘better’ area to raise a family e.g. less knife crime so seen as a safer place to live

strong sense of community (rural idyll)

particular attractive to elderly retired groups

natural landscapes (rural idyll)

lack of pollution which is ideal for the leisurely lifestyle

casual work (rural idyll)

e.g. seaside towns in Cornwall → ideal for students working outside of term time as jobs in leisure and tourism

Hardy’s Wessex

• ‘Wessex novels’ - gave detailed descriptions of country life throughout the year which were based on the observations he made whilst cycling around Dorset

• ‘the epitome of the vanishing English rural heartland’

• attracts tourists to Dorset due to the rural idyll

access to services (rural = undesirable)

expected to travel much further to access services and facilities which urban dwellers take for granted

‘rural service deserts’ - nearest bank, GP surgery, shop or post office several miles away etc.

transport (rural = undesirable)

highly dependent on the car (increase reliance on car ownership) and public transport but for the elderly it may be unsafe to drive and buses less common

e.g. one every 30 minutes in East Devon

housing (rural = undesirable)

‘fuel poverty’ = 10% of income spent o heating due to poor insulation

majority of housing is old and unmanageable and so higher cost (rely on deliveries of gas cylinders, solid fuel or oil etc.)