Unit 3

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Biology

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29 Terms

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Biomolecules (macromolecules)

Large molecules that are essential for life, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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Carbohydrates

Biomolecules that serve as a source of energy for organisms and play a structural role in plants, fungi, and bacteria.

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Proteins

Biomolecules made up of amino acids that carry out various functions in the body, including enzymatic reactions and structural support.

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Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules, such as DNA and RNA, that store and transmit genetic information.

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Dehydration RXN (condensation)

A chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, releasing a water molecule in the process.

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Hydrolysis RXN

A chemical reaction in which a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by the addition of water.

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Enzymes

Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions in the body, including hydrolytic enzymes that break down polymers using water.

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Carbohydrates

Biomolecules with the empirical formula CH2O, consisting of monosaccharide monomers.

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Glucose

A monosaccharide and the primary source of energy for cells.

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Polysaccharide

A polymer made up of many monosaccharide units, such as starch, glycogen, chitin, and cellulose.

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Cellulose

A polysaccharide made up of beta-glucose units, providing strength and rigidity to plant cell walls.

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Proteins

Biomolecules composed of amino acids that perform various functions in the body.

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Amino acids

The building blocks of proteins, consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain.

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Primary structure

The sequence of amino acids in a protein.

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Secondary structure

The folding of the protein chain into alpha-helices or beta-pleated sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

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Tertiary structure

The further folding and twisting of the protein chain, stabilized by various intra-molecular forces.

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Quaternary structure

The arrangement of multiple protein subunits to form a functional protein complex.

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Denaturation

The loss of protein structure and function due to factors such as pH, temperature, pressure, or salt concentration.

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Nucleic acids

Biomolecules, including DNA and RNA, that store and transmit genetic information.

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Transcription

The process of synthesizing RNA from DNA in the nucleus.

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Translation

The process of synthesizing proteins from RNA in the cytoplasm.

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Triglycerides

Lipids composed of glycerol and three fatty acids, used for energy storage.

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Saturated triglycerides

Triglycerides in which all three fatty acids have only single bonds.

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Monounsaturated triglycerides

Triglycerides with one double bond in one of the fatty acids, making it liquid at room temperature.

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Polyunsaturated triglycerides

Triglycerides with two or more double bonds, which can be on the same fatty acid.

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Vitamins

Special chemicals needed for proper metabolism, with nonpolar vitamins being stored in adipose tissue.

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Phospholipids

Lipids that make up cell membranes, consisting of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

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Steroids

Lipids that play a role in hormone production and membrane stability, with cholesterol being a common component.

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Waxes

Lipids used for defense, composed of long-chained alcohol and long-chained fatty acid.