Exam1StudyGyude BIO

Matter

Any substance that occupies space and has mass.

Atom

The fundamental building blocks of chemistry, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.

Element

Unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances.

Atomic Number

The number of protons and electrons in an atom's nucleus.

Mass Number

The sum of all protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Molecules

Chemical structures consisting of at least two atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Compounds

Substances composed of molecules with atoms of at least two different elements.

Polar

A separation of charge in a molecule, leading to one part becoming positively charged and the other negatively charged.

Electronegativity

The tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons.

Covalent Bonds

Bonds that share electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.

Ionic Bonds

Bonds held together by the attraction of opposite charges.

Strongest to Weakest Interactions

Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen, London Dispersion.

Key Properties of Water

Cohesion, Adhesion, Process Diffusion, Solvent, Convection.

Acids

Substances that donate protons in a chemical reaction.

Bases

Substances that accept protons in a chemical reaction.

Acid-Base Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable pH in biological systems.

Buffers

Solutions that resist changes in pH.

Buffer Capacity

The ability of a buffer to resist changes in pH.

Catabolic Pathways

Processes where molecules break apart, releasing energy.

Anabolic Pathways

Processes where molecules use energy to create larger molecules.

Polymers

Large molecules made of repeating subunits called monomers, held together by covalent bonds.

Monomers

Small molecules that are the building blocks of polymers.

Dehydration/Condensation Reaction

A chemical reaction where water is removed to form a bond between monomers.

Hydrolysis Reaction

A chemical reaction where water is used to break a bond between monomers.

Isomer

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, providing energy to organisms.

Lipids

Hydrophobic molecules with diverse structures and functions.

Triglyceride

A lipid molecule composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone.

Essential Fat

Fats that the body cannot produce and must be obtained from the diet.

Phospholipid

A lipid molecule with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, forming cell membranes.

Lipoproteins

Proteins that transport lipids in the bloodstream.

Proteins

Complex molecules made of amino acids, performing various functions in the body.

Nitrogen Fixation

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia by bacteria.

Amino Acid

Building blocks of proteins, containing an amino group and a carboxyl group.

Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules essential for storing and transmitting genetic information.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material in cells.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis.

Conformations of DNA

B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA, different structures of DNA molecules.